葛俊丽 曾蔚越【摘要】近年来,在行人工流产术(手术流产与药物流产)妇女中,未育妇女占多数。她们中绝大部分会面临再次生育问题。研究认为,人工流产史既与再次妊娠早产直接相关,又与再次妊娠时先兆流产、前置胎盘、胎膜早破、胎儿窘迫等并发症密切相关,但尚存争议。本文就人工流产术后对再次妊娠早产的影响,综述如下。【关键词】人工流产;再次妊娠;早产Influence of Induced Abortion on Preterm Labor in a Subsequent Pregnancy GE Jun-li, ZENG Wei-yue. West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. (Corresponding author: Email:gejunli1984@163.com )[Abstract] In recent years , the majority women who have experienced abortions (surgical abortion and medical abortion)have no children, they will have to face procreative question. Studies suggest that the history of abortion is not only directly related to premature delivery in a subsequent pregnancy,but also closely concerned with threatened abortion, placenta previa, premature rupture of membranes, fetal distress and other complications during the period of the next pregnancy, although it is still controversial. This paper discussed the effect of abortions on preterm labor in a subsequent pregnancy as follow.[key words] Induced abortion; subsequent pregnancy; preterm labor人工流产是因避孕失败而致意外妊娠,在孕早期人为终止妊娠的一种补救措施[1]。人工流产分为手术流产和药物流产两种。药物流产是采用米非司酮与米索前列醇配伍,两者协同作用终止妊娠;人工流产术是指妊娠时间<10孕周时,采用负压吸引术终止妊娠,≥10孕周时,则采用钳刮术终止妊娠。据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)报道,全球每年约12 000万例妊娠属于非意愿妊娠,约2000万例人工流产属于不安全流产,可导致每年7~10万例妇女因流产死亡。Bankole等[2]对56个国家的人工流产妇女特征研究后认为,就年龄分布,20~29岁妇女为人工流产高发年龄段(约占50%),<20岁的青少年所占比例各国不等(10%~30%)。在行人工流产术妇女中,未育妇女占多数,且近年来接受人工流产总数,呈上升趋势,其中绝大部分将面临再次生育问题。目前,人工流产对再次妊娠孕期和分娩期母儿的影响,已有较多研究,但对再次妊娠早产的影响,文献报道较少。对人工流产是否增加再次妊娠早产风险,迄今尚存争议。本文旨就人工流产对再次妊娠早产的影响,综述如下。1982年,Hogue[3]等对人工流产是否是再次妊娠早产的危险因素展开研究。由此,人工流产与早产的关系受到关注。研究发现[4~8],有人工流产史妇女再次妊娠早产的风险高于无流产史者,且与流产次数有关。Lumley等[7]对澳大利亚一项人口普查结果显示,人工流产与再次妊娠早产相关,且人工流产次数越多,再次妊娠早产相对风险增加1.5至4倍以上,提示人工流产次数越多,再次妊娠早产风险越高。该结果与Zhou等[8]研究结论一致。但也有研究[3, 9]认为,妊娠前3个月人工流产史或1次流产史,并不增加再次妊娠早产风险。人工流产直接导致再次妊娠早产的机制,可能与机械损伤和感染有关。因人工流产时,宫颈被动扩张,可致宫颈不同程度损伤及内口粗糙和松弛,使宫颈内口功能不全而致早产[10];另一方面,人工流产术后,子宫内膜在恢复过程中,有潜在局限性感染、宫颈扩张和松弛致生殖道上行感染机会增加,进而致早产发生率升高[11, 12]。 Caroline等[13]和Ancel等[14]的研究进一步证实,人工流产史与再次妊娠早产有关,有人工流产史者再次妊娠早期的早产(28~不足32孕周)风险,高于中度早产(32~不足34孕周),且人工流产史与自发性早产明显相关,并呈量效关系,进一步指出2次或2次以上人工流产史,与有指征早产密切相关,其发生早产机制,可能与感染和机械损伤有关。人工流产史可使再次妊娠合并症,如先兆流产、前置胎盘、胎膜早破(premature rupture of membrane,PROM)、胎儿窘迫等发生率增加,间接促使早产风险增加,使早产或医源性早产发生率增高。1 人工流产与再次妊娠先兆流产、早产先兆流产是指妊娠28孕周前,出现少量阴道流血,常为暗红色或血性白带,无妊娠物排出,之后相继出现阵发性下腹痛或腰背痛。多数学者认为[13~15],人工流产后再次妊娠先兆流产风险明显增加,主要原因可能是人工流产,尤其是手术流产,是一种创伤性手术,吸刮宫腔可造成子宫内膜损伤,部分患者术后继发感染而致子宫内膜炎,子宫内膜受损可使再次妊娠时蜕膜发育不良,而蜕膜作为受孕微环境,其发育状态与妊娠成功与否密切相关。蜕膜是雌、孕激素最直接的靶器官,雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)和孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)的正常表达,可使蜕膜发育,有利于受精卵着床和妊娠;同时蜕膜可分泌蜕膜催乳素(prolactin,PRL),亦表达催乳素受体(prolactin receptor, PRLR),在促使蜕膜营养化及受精卵着床等方面,起重要调节作用。正常早孕与流产的蜕膜在局部PRL、孕酮(progesterone,P )水平和 PRLR,PR表达比较,差异有显著意义,(P<0.05)。因此,蜕膜发育不良致局部激素水平下降和受体表达不足,可增加再次妊娠先兆流产风险[16]。研究表明[14~17],人工流产史可增加再次妊娠先兆流产发生率,且手术流产组再次妊娠先兆流产发生率,高于药物流产组,而药物流产组又高于初次妊娠组。但Zou等[18]认为,一次人工流产史与再次妊娠先兆流产的发生,无相关性。迄今尚无充分证据证明人工流产与再次妊娠早产的相关性。多数学者认为[19~26],先兆流产与早产风险的增加有关,这可能与先兆流产后阴道流血、绒毛膜羊膜间隙破裂和慢性炎症反应促使早产发生有关;另一方面,先兆流产出血所形成血肿,可形成宫内感染的感染源,从而刺激子宫收缩。Jemm等[19]研究发现,妊娠前3个月先兆流产史,可增加早产危险性(RR=2.29,95%CI: 1.4~4.6)。Ajith等[20]进行大样本回顾性分析发现,先兆流产组(n=31 633)较对照组(n=7267)发生不明原因产前出血(OR=1.83, 95%CI:1.73~2.01)及早产风险(OR=1.56, 95%CI:1.43~1.71)明显增加。Batzofin等[21]和Williams等[22]报道,先兆流产组孕妇发生早产(<37孕周)风险是对照组的2倍。但Weiss等[23]认为,在妊娠前3个月,不论少量或大量阴道流血,37孕周前分娩风险显著增加(OR=3.0)。这与Farrell等[24]、Wisborg K[25、Mulik V[26]和Guo[27]的研究究结果一致。而一项纳入6675例妊娠妇女的前瞻性研究显示,不论有无先兆流产症状,超声证实的孕早期子宫内出血,也可增加早产风险[28],此外,前置胎盘也是医源性早产的重要原因。但Strobino等[29]研究发现,妊娠第1期和第2期少量阴道流血与早产无相关性。 Che等[9]认为,先兆流产经适当休息及保胎治疗后,并不增加早产风险。2 人工流产后再次妊娠前置胎盘致早产增加妊娠28孕周后胎盘附着于子宫下段,下缘甚至达到或覆盖宫颈内口,位置低于胎先露部,称为前置胎盘。研究表明[30~32],人工流产史与再次妊娠前置胎盘发生有关。人工流产可致再次妊娠前置胎盘发生率升高,且次数越多,距再次妊娠间隔时间越短,再次妊娠前置胎盘发生率越高,手术流产组高于药物流产组,而药物流产组与对照组比较,差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。其风险增加的可能机制是,在手术流产过程中,由于多次吸宫或手术操作不当, 特别是负压吸引压力过高,可损伤子宫内膜,如涉及底蜕膜基底层,进而使再次妊娠时底蜕膜发育不全、供血不足,而胎盘为获得足够营养扩大其面积,延伸至子宫下段或覆盖于子宫颈内口,形成前置胎盘。 Barrelt等[30]报道,人工流产使前置胎盘发生率增加7~15倍。Zhu等[31]对妊娠早期有药物(米非司酮)流产史组(n=4673)及无流产史组(n=4690)妇女随诊至分娩发现,两组比较,虽差异无显著意义(P>0.05),但药物流产组前置胎盘发生率是对照组的2倍。Xiao等[32]对1999至2006年4628例孕妇的回顾性分析发现,无人工流产史孕妇前置胎盘发生率最低,随人工流产次数增加,前置胎盘发生率呈明显上升趋势。前置胎盘可致妊娠晚期大量出血,而危及母儿生命,是妊娠期的严重并发症之一。前置胎盘患者发生早产的主要原因是反复阴道流血,常合并贫血、抵抗力低下和感染等;此外,前置胎盘反复产前出血,还可致胎儿宫内生长受限 (fetal distress in uterus)、胎儿窘迫等,因此被迫提前终止妊娠而增加医源性早产[33]。文献报道[13, 14],前置胎盘所致早产发生率为40%~60%,最高可达68.6%[34]。潘勉[35]对142例前置胎盘患者和142例正常妊娠孕妇进行回顾性分析发现,前置胎盘患者产前和产后出血、输血、早产、新生儿体重及窒息比较,差异有显著意义(P<0.05),其中前置胎盘患者早产发生率为50.3%。李艳芳等[34]对172例前置胎盘患者进行研究发现,早产发生率为68.6%。3人工流产与再次妊娠胎膜早破、早产多数学者[13, 14, 36 ]认为,人工流产史与PROM发生有关,而PROM又是引起早产的重要原因。人工流产史致再次妊娠PROM和早产的发生机制,迄今尚不明确,但感染是早产型胎膜早破(preterm premature rupture of membranes,PPROM)发生的主要原因, 且与PPROM互为因果。PPROM中,有流产史患者比例较高,且30%~40%与早产有关[37]。这可能与流产或引产致生殖道损伤而继发感染,并在妊娠后引起绒毛膜羊膜炎,使胎膜局部张力下降而破裂有关。人工流产术对子宫内膜的机械性操作,可使蜕膜组织及相应的子宫肌层发育不良,同时机械性操作易致宫颈功能不全。正常情况下,孕妇宫颈内口紧闭,可保证胎膜不受损害。若宫颈内口松弛,随妊娠进展,前羊膜囊楔形入宫颈,此处胎膜受压增大,易发生破裂。胎膜破裂后宫内压力降低、体积缩小,可诱发宫缩。细菌及其代谢产物,一方面产生磷脂酶A2,使蜕膜、绒毛膜和羊膜细胞释放花生四烯酸,致前列腺素合成增加;另一方面诱导细胞免疫产生细胞因子,激发局部环加氧酶活性,增加前列腺素合成和释放,从而诱发宫缩致早产。此外,PROM可致羊水过少、感染和胎儿窘迫等,使医源性早产发生风险明显增加。Buchmayer等[36]对瑞典人群(n=601 833)采用Logistic回归模型评估发现,有流产史患者中,PROM及32孕周前早产风险升高。Conde-Agudeloa等[38]回顾性分析拉丁美洲258 108例初产妇末次人工流产与再次妊娠时间和妊娠结局的关系发现,末次人工流产与再次妊娠时间间隔小于6个月,则PROM和早产发生率较末次人工流产与再次妊娠时间间隔为18~23个月高。Duan等[39]对286例PROM性早产新生儿结局的临床分析发现,既往有流产史者为102例(35. 66%)。Tian等[40]对1495例早产儿早产原因及其预后临床分析发现,PROM是引起早产最主要的原因,占早产总数的38.9%。4人工流产与再次妊娠胎儿窘迫、早产胎儿窘迫是指胎儿在子宫内因缺氧和酸中毒,从而危及其健康和生命的综合症状,是围生儿病残、死亡的重要原因,发病率为2.7%~38.5%。研究发现[41, 42],人工流产史与再次妊娠胎儿窘迫发生率增加有关。人工流产致再次妊娠胎儿窘迫风险增加,可能因人工流产术时不能直视进行,难免会使子宫壁受机械性损伤。受损伤子宫内膜和肌层反应性修复,结缔组织增生,纤维疤痕组织形成,降低子宫缩复功能,子宫内膜损伤和引发炎症,使再次妊娠时蜕膜发育不良,胎盘为获得足够营养扩大其面积,向下扩大和延伸形成前置胎盘,或造成胎盘粘连和血液循环障碍,引起胎盘发育及功能不全。胎盘是母体及胎儿间血、氧和营养物质的输送通道,交换功能受损,如功能障碍,可致胎儿宫内缺氧和发育迟缓。而胎盘发育异常(如胎盘过大)、胎盘附着异常(如前置胎盘)、胎盘早剥等,是造成胎盘交换功能受损的主要病因,因此人工流产后并发症,如前置胎盘、胎盘早剥、PROM等,均可致胎儿窘迫发生率增加。曹泽毅等[41]认为,妊娠期胎儿窘迫与人工流产关系密切。Zhao等[42]进一步研究发现,人工流产史组较对照组胎儿窘迫发生率增高,且差异有显著意义(P<0.05),提示人工流产会增加胎儿窘迫等并发症发生。但Kulier等[43]一项系统评价发现,药物流产是安全且有效的,但胎儿窘迫发生率与末次终止早期妊娠与本次妊娠间隔时间有关[14, 15]。 胎儿窘迫一旦确诊,须立即消除引起胎儿缺氧因素,改善胎儿供氧,提高胎儿对缺氧耐受和氧利用率,必要时终止妊娠。胎儿窘迫可致剖宫产率及医源性早产激增。Gentile等[44]报道,意大利1977至1989年因胎儿窘迫导致的剖宫产率从6%增长至29%。唐萍等[45]对233例医源性早产研究发现,医源性早产在早产中所占比例为49.36%,其中胎儿宫内窘迫、PROM居医源性早产前2位,其次为前置胎盘等。此外,行人工流产术时患者年龄、次数均与早产发生率有关。Voigt等[46]对247 593例妇女进行回顾性分析发现,早产发生率仅与28~30岁年龄组有统计学意义,有1次或≥2次人工流产史者,再次妊娠时早产发生率分别为7.8%和8.5%,而对照组为6.5%,人工流产组较对照组增加20%~30%,且早产风险随人工流产次数增加而升高。Caroline等[13]研究也证实这一结果,并发现早产风险增加与人工流产次数呈正相关,与妊娠时母亲年龄呈负相关。 人工流产史对再次妊娠羊水量过少、妊娠期糖尿病、过期妊娠、子痫前期与早产的相关性文献报道较少,本文未行深入探讨。综上所述,人工流产史既与再次妊娠早产直接相关,又与再次妊娠时先兆流产、前置胎盘、PROM、胎儿窘迫等并发症密切相关,且并发症可间接增加早产及其风险。人工流产次数及末次人工流产后与再次妊娠的间隔时间,也与早产相关。药物流产对再次妊娠早产的影响是否较手术流产低,迄今仍存分歧。对于目前非意愿妊娠发生率仍较高的情况下,应积极做好避孕宣教,避免不必要的人工流产,并加强人工流产后再次妊娠的孕期保健知识宣传,降低早产及早产儿发生率。同时需高质量、大样本的随机对照研究进一步证实,以期得到更准确的结论,为临床诊治提供依据。。参考文献1 Feng YJ. 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