听觉处理障碍Auditoryprocessingdisorder(APD) 听觉处理障碍(APD)是大脑无法正确翻译声音含义的一种情况。听觉处理障碍被认为是一种听力障碍,而不是听力损失。听力损失是外周听觉系统(起源于耳朵)的一种疾病,而APD是中枢听觉系统的一种疾病(起源于大脑)。因此,APD有时被称为中枢听觉处理障碍 (centralauditoryprocessingdisorder)。影响所有年龄段专业机构Nemours估计5%的学龄儿童患有这种疾病。虽然它通常与童年有关,但APD会影响所有年龄段的人。有许多成年人患有听觉处理障碍。听觉处理障碍的症状是什么?根据美国听力学会的诊断指南,听觉处理障碍的一些常见症状包括:· 即使听力测试正常也感觉听不见· 在嘈杂的环境中听不清或容易分心· 努力检测声音的来源(本地化)· 难以遵循多步骤指示· 容易惊吓· 难以参与对话——即不回答问题、误解人们所说的内容、不听笑话或故事,或者难以接受直截了当的指示。· APD患者可能经常说“什么?”在一个问题之后或要求它被重复。· 难以集中注意力和注意力不集中。· 缺乏对音乐的欣赏,以及缺乏音乐能力。美国言语-语言-听力协会(ASHA)指出,许多这些症状也经常与其他疾病一起出现,例如ADHD或语言处理[障碍]。什么导致听觉处理障碍?听觉处理障碍的原因并不总是为人所知。这种疾病可能与以下一些因素有关:· 产前问题或难产——有时,详细的病史会揭示低出生率或其他可能是这种情况根本原因的问题。· 其他疾病和病症——根据Nemours的说法,头部外伤和慢性耳部感染可能与这种病症以及退化病症有关。· 家族史——ASHLA指出,这种情况可能有遗传因素。· 年龄——与衰老相关的大脑变化使得处理口头信息变得更加困难。· 创伤性脑损伤—头部或爆炸性损伤可导致APD。研究表明,遭受爆炸伤害的退伍军人有听觉处理障碍的风险。· 神经毒素——ASHA指出,接触重金属和有机溶剂等物质与APD相关。诊断可能很棘手患有APD的人可以在听力测试中表现完美,该测试只需要在安静的环境中听到哔哔声。在医学上,这有时被称为“接近正常的听力阈值”。这会使正确检测和诊断变得棘手。此外,年幼的孩子可能不具备完成全套测试所需的语言和沟通技巧。根据美国听力学会的说法,虽然诊断是由听力学家做出的,但通常是一组专家——包括语言病理学家和心理学家——在评估症状和制定治疗策略方面发挥作用。没有标准化的方法来测试APD,因此可能需要进行多项测试。为了诊断APD,听力学家和其他专家将:· 全面了解病史——请记住,一些可能导致APD的风险因素可能在子宫内发生。因此,详细的病史可能会有所帮助。当听力困难时,听力学家会询问有关情况的问题。对于孩子,来自其他专业人士(教师、心理学家等)的见解以及来自父母的详细信息也会有所帮助。· 进行听力检查——一组特定的测试用于评估听觉处理功能。她说,在开始这些测试之前,听力学家会检查是否有任何需要就医的耳朵问题(例如,耳膜异常),并检查听力灵敏度。· 执行行为和大脑功能测试—可能会执行多项测试,具体取决于您的护理团队。它们可能包括(但不限于)听觉辨别测试,以确定您如何区分相似的声音,以及二分法语音测试,以测试您解释和区分分别进入每只耳朵的声音的能力。· 进行电生理测试—在婴儿和典型测试不起作用的情况下,可以使用测量声音如何从耳朵传递到大脑的测试。这些包括听觉脑干反应测试。它们是无痛且非侵入性的。治疗APD对于APD,没有可用的药物或速效药。但是,有一些常用的治疗策略,包括:听觉训练就像物理疗法可以帮助人们恢复体力和功能一样,听觉疗法可以帮助人们改善听力。根据ASHA的说法,根据特定类型的障碍,这可能有助于人们区分音素或常见声音,如“pat”和“bat”,以识别声音的来源,或专注于其他与听力相关的技能。有些课程是自学的,例如LACE(ListeningandCommunicationEnhancement增强听力和交流)。 低增益助听器低增益或轻度增益助听器是正常的助听器,其被编程为在降低背景噪音的同时略微提高说话的音量。虽然还需要更多的研究,但有许多关于低增益助听器在嘈杂环境中帮助儿童和成人的轶事报道。带或不带助听器的助听技术在FM/DM系统中,演讲者(例如老师)佩戴无线麦克风,将声音传输到APD患者的耳机或助听器。通常,它在课堂上很有帮助,从那以后“老师的声音直接进入孩子的耳朵,而不会被房间里的其他噪音干扰,” 这些设备可以成为处理背景的有用策略噪音。然而,远程麦克风也会让孩子更难听到附近同学的声音,因此使用它们可能会令人沮丧。有时,同时使用低增益助听器和远程麦克风。“在许多情况下,听众可以体验两全其美,”。 制定补偿策略ASHA说,还有一些方法可以帮助人们学习应对处理挑战的策略,例如学习如何使用助记符来回忆信息。其他人可能会发现学习唇读非常有益。 改变环境NemoursFoundation表示,让人们说得慢一些、使用笔记并选择书面而不是口头指示可能会有所帮助。即使是一个新座位——在教室前面,而不是后面——也可能是一个有意义的变化。未经治疗的APD的深远影响“如果孩子在嘈杂的教室里无法专注于老师的声音,或者由于听觉上的努力增加而在白天变得疲惫不堪,那么儿童的APD会导致学业困难。”成年人也会遇到类似的挑战。“他们可能由于听觉疲劳而无法在工作中发挥良好的作用,或者被错误地标记为无法执行和执行多项任务,因为他们难以遵循听觉传递的多步骤指示,”。这可能会导致社会孤立或焦虑。听觉处理障碍的亚型有不同类型的听觉处理问题,例如解码缺陷、听觉整合缺陷或输出组织缺陷,它们都属于听觉处理障碍。“这些问题中的每一个都指向可能发育不全的大脑不同区域。我们尝试进行针对赤字的干预措施,以针对和刺激该领域,”。
张华 杨佳燕 陈静 首都医科附属北京同仁医院 北京市耳鼻咽喉科研究所随着人民生活水平的提高,人们更加追求生活质量,因此对“听”的要求更加高。助听器是帮助听力障碍者的主要方法之一,而环境噪声是助听器选配满意度的重要影响因素。噪声下言语理解困难是大多数助听器佩带者最常抱怨的问题, 也是导致听障者拒绝使用助听器或将助听器搁置不用的主要原因。长期以来,在聆听言语时噪声过大一直是助听器佩戴者所反映的问题,如果我们能够对患者接受噪音的意愿进行客观测试,临床听力学家就能根据这些结果,在验配助听器以前准确地预测老年聋患者使用助听器的成功概率。目前在临床助听器选配中, 选配师常利用纯音测听、安静环境下单音节、双音节和噪声下的语句测试来预测和评估听障者助听器选配效果。然而研究发现,这些测试结果在预测助听器使用效果的敏感性方面较差。因此可接受噪声级(ANL)测试应运而生。ANL的定义是聆听言语会话最大舒适阈和聆听者愿意接受的最大背景噪音级(the maximum background noise level, BNL)之差,用分贝计量。ANL值越小,说明患者的动态范围越大,也就是患者能接受噪音的绝对值越大,从而表明患者接受噪音的能力越强。自1991年,美国著名噪音研究专家、田纳西大学的Nabelek教授首次提出以来,国内外学者对该测试的研究已近20余年。相关研究表明,ANL能预测助听器使用成功率,不受患者性别、年龄、听觉功能、裸耳或助听装置的影响,能在不同语种环境中应用,并广泛地应用于助听器新技术的临床评估。ANL 测试便捷、简单、耗时短( 测试过程约5 分钟) 的优势使其在临床助听器选配中具有较高的应用价值。根据ANL 测试结果可以从以下几方面指导助听器选配师:①预估助听器使用效果, 为听损患者提供合理的期望值;②对于双耳纯音听力相同但无条件双耳选配的患者, 可以根据测试结果, 选取ANL值较低耳进行助听器选配;③根据听障者个体ANL值的情况, 在助听器数字化程度的选择方面( 如数字化降噪、方向性麦克风、FM 系统) 提供正确的指导。④对选择人工耳蜗植入还是助听器选配提供一定的指导: 部分重度或极重度语后聋患者, 如果其ANL值较低的话, 选配大功率助听器或许仍然可以达到和人工耳蜗相同的效果;⑤根据ANL理论, 为患者提供听觉康复指导, 甚至是药物干预, 从而提高患者对背景噪声的接受能力。ANL 相关基础和临床研究虽历经20 余年,但对导致个体间ANL 差异的机制尚不明晰。未来基于影响个体耐受背景噪声能力相关因素的探讨仍是研究的重点方向之一。目前多国研究者已证实英语、朝鲜语和中文普通话的ANL 测试能有效预估听障患者助听器的使用成功率,因此今后可开发更多语种以及无语义的测试材料。我国中文普通话ANL(Mandarin ANL, 普通话言语测听材料MSTMs的一部分)的初步研究已显有成效,可以初步评判选配前患者对噪声的接受程度。参考文献:.turn_page_bottomma{ height: 155px; padding-left: 200px; margin: 20px 0 40px 0; position: relative; } .turn_page_bottomma .d_name{ padding-left: 88px; position: relative; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; } .turn_page_bottomma .d_name .headimg{ width: 67px; height: 67px; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; } .turn_page_bottomma .d_name .headimg .img_tao{ width: 67px; height: 67px; display: table-cell; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; } .turn_page_bottomma .d_name .headimg .img_tao .img1{ max-width: 67px; max-height: 67px; vertical-align: middle; } .turn_page_bottomma .erweima{ position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; } .turn_page_bottomma .guanggao{ position: absolute; left: 160px; top: 100px; } .turn_page_bottomma .name{ font-size: 20px; color: #373737; }pre { white-space: pre-wrap; /* css-3 */ white-space: -moz-pre-wrap; /* Mozilla, since 1999 */ white-space: -pre-wrap; /* Opera 4-6 */ white-space: -o-pre-wrap; /* Opera 7 */ word-wrap: break-word; /* Internet Explorer 5.5+ */ }.abs_freebtn{position: relative} .abs_freebtn span{position: absolute;right: -25px;top: -11px;line-height: 1; background-color: #fa262d;font-size: 12px;color: #fff;border-radius: 8px;padding: 3px 5px;}$(function(){ $(".article_detail").find("img").each(function(){ var img = new Image(); img.src = $(this).attr("src"); if (img.width >610) { $(this).attr("width",610); $(this).attr("height",img.height*610/img.width); } });});1. 陈建勇, 张华(通讯作者),陈雪清,吴燕君,孔颖,陈静,郭连生,李婧,李玉玲. 可接受噪声级测试在助听器效果评估中的初步应用. 听力学及言语疾病杂志,2011,19(2), 160-164.2.陈建勇, 张华(通讯作者), 陈静, 陈雪清, 郭连生, 曹文, 吴燕君, 李玉玲. 普通话可接受噪声级测试材料的开发与等价性评估. 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科. 2011, 11(3), 136-140. 3. 陈建勇,张华(通讯作者),郭连生. 可接受噪声级测试在助听器选配和人工耳蜗植入中的应用(综述). 听力学及言语疾病杂志,2011,19(4), 302-305.4. 张华, 王硕, 陈静, 王靓, 邵广宇, 李玉玲, 蒋文博. 普通话言语测听材料. 中国听力语言康复科学杂志, 2008, 6, 16-18.5. 吴丹, 张华(通讯作者). 助听器选配可接受噪声级. 中国眼耳鼻喉科杂志,2012,12(5):323-326.6. 吴丹, 陈建勇,王硕,张曼华,陈静,李玉玲,张华(通讯作者). 听力正常青年汉语普通话可接受噪声级与艾克森问卷人格特质之间的关系. 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志,2013,48(3):200-203.7. 成人噪声下言语识别测试材料. 中国听力语言康复科学杂志, 2015, 13(1):39-42.8. 陈建勇,张华,彭璐,张勤,任燕,李蕴,梅玲,沈敏,吴皓,黄治物. 可接受噪声级与噪声下言语测试在老年性聋助听器验配效果评估中的应用. 中华耳科学杂志, 2015,13(4):583-588.9. Jianyong Chen, Hua Zhang (corresponding author), Patrick N. Plyler, Wen Cao & Jing Chen.Development and evaluation of the Mandarin speech signal content on the acceptable noise level test in listeners with normal hearing in mainland China. International Journal of Audiology, 2011, 50(6), 354-360.
翻箱子,偶然发现了20年前我离开Willoughby时的一件令我终身难忘的奖牌。我虽不坚强,但是值得我流泪的情形不多。领到这个奖牌时,眼含热泪的就是我!想当年,出国学习的国人很少,能获得执照并当教师的估计更少,只是不知道回国的人有多少。谢谢自己,年少时曾经努力过。
2012 Beijing International Tinnitus Symposium & Launching of the National 12th Five-Year-Plan for Scientific and Technological Support Project地点:首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院西院四楼报告厅时间:2012-7-12,周四,全天会议日程8:30 – 9:00:开幕式 领导致辞 -科技部领导 -卫生部领导 -医院领导 -北京听力协会万敏秘书长9:00 – 9:30:授予Pawel Jastreboff教授2012年国家科技支撑计划耳鸣项目首席顾问 耳鸣项目负责人龚树生教授致辞9:30 – 10:45:Jastreboff教授主题发言(美国):The Application of TRT in China耳鸣习服治疗及其在中国的应用10:45 – 11:00:茶歇11:00 – 11:30:龚树生教授(北京):“十二五”科技支撑计划课题:耳鸣数字诊断治疗仪研发11:30 – 12:00:李明教授发言(上海):耳鸣综合治疗法简介和临床应用12:00 – 14:00:午餐14:00 – 14:30:蒋涛教授(加拿大):耳鸣诊断对于治疗的作用:理论和实践14:30 – 15:00:Margaret Jastreboff教授(美国):Management of Decreased Sound Tolerance as crucial part of tinnitus treatment 降低声容忍度和耳鸣治疗15:00 – 15:30:刘蓬教授(广州):耳鸣的评估和治疗15:30 – 15:45:茶歇15:45 – 16:00:曾祥丽教授(广州):耳鸣临床诊治策略16:00 – 16:15:张华教授:耳鸣与人工听觉技术16:30 – 17:00:提问和解答
如何吸引人才加入听力学队伍张 华首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院北京市耳鼻咽喉科研究所首都医科大学生物医学工程学院听力学教研室问题的提起连续7年,作者到首都医科大学动员招生学生毕业前夕仍感困惑几千万听力残疾人士,有多少听力专业工作者为之服务?每年需要测试1.32亿份听力图我们的测听技师队伍:约 24,000人,大约分布如下:每年毕业100名学生*10年=1200人(获得学位者,首医50,浙江中医300,华西49,北京联大790,复旦30人)医院听力技师:13364人(每综合医院平均1人?)助听器验配师(或候任):8000人(每店2人)聋儿康复中心的专业技师:1600 人(每部1人) 问题的提起现状 服务对象众多 服务要求提高 政府投入加大 慈善项目增加 但是 队伍人才很少 缺乏专业训练 高校培养极缺 China vs USA2010年美国每年一度的听力学年会到会者7000余人中国两年一度的听力学会议,到会者300余人人口中国是美国的6倍听力学家中国是美国的多少分之一? 人才是最宝贵的资源,是发展的基石吸引和留住优秀人才,是各行各业的制胜法宝寻找中国的听力学职位没有明确的就业职位缺乏明确的岗位职称尚无统一的职业范畴 这是大多数在校生、毕业生的困惑,也是我们难以扩大招生的瓶颈 成功申请“助听器验配师”以后,我们要申请的是“听力师 (audiologist)”听力师还是听力医师听力师 audiologists:符合国际规范,若从本科生做起易于快速普及听力医师 audiological physicians毕业于临床医学系,具有行医执照和处方权更加符合中国国情可以被医院聘任,可以取耵聍,可以治疗内耳病可以加入到现有的医师职称系列吸引人才---国家层面加强宣传力度目前在耳蜗植入、耳病防治、听力筛查等方面宣传比较普及,但多局限于耳病的防治,尤其是针对患者的治疗要强调得到专业的诊治、干预和康复就需要专业的人才提供专业的服务要告诉各级政府、机构、学校,培养人才是实现及时、正确诊治的第一步要告知大众我国人才培养的迫切性吸引人才---国家层面解决就业渠道(这是动员生物医学工程学生学习听力学的最关键部分)要告知他们听力学的就业渠道和未来进一步发展出国深造比较好的收入稳定与否美国听力学毕业生就业地点public and private schools公立和私立学校college and universities 学院和大学private practice 私人开业机构hospitals 医院home health 家庭保健community hearing and speech centers 社区听力言语中心rehabilitation centers 康复中心nursing care facilities (long term and intermediate care) 疗养机构 (长期和短期)physicians' offices 医师诊所industry 工厂military 军队state and local health departments 国家和地方卫生保健部门state and federal governmental agencies 国家和省市机构培训更多优秀的教师把最有才华的学生培养成人民教师 -----温家宝,2007.2.4,东北师范大学现有的教师队伍基本是中年为主,要联合国内外优势,引进培养有知识、有经验的青年一代教师现有教师多为兼职的医师/听力师/康复老师,所以要提高他们授课/带实习的待遇要培养一批具有国际水准的顶尖学生,欢迎他们回母校讲课交流,为师弟妹树立榜样吸引人才—行业层面共同努力,争取政府支持,各团体合作 政府资助教育 企业协办教育早日将听力学纳入到国家职业范畴借鉴国外经验,符合国内操作推荐优秀人才到政府机关工作吸引人才---机构/单位层面号召相关行业、单位多与在读的学生接触让学生在学习的过程中,知道哪些单位需要他们要告知所需单位的优势、待遇、发展趋势吸引人才---创造机会鼓励学生参加爱耳日之类的活动,看到市场的需求鼓励学生参加/参与组织学术活动,理解到我们是一个蒸蒸日上和交流广泛的学科给学生创造各种接触社会、学术界的机会出国深造,为国服务欧美发达国家有优势,众多学子向往之学校和用人单位创造与国外大学合作交换的机会设立留学奖学金争取政府资助继续教育在正规教育尚未普及的情形下,继续教育或短期培训尤显重要验配师培训学习班培训制造商培训学术会议国际/地区交流没有想到的还有很多没有做到的更多还有一个更沉重的话题待续 “如何留住优秀的人才” 让我们共同努力,把听力学事业发展壮大下去,使千万个听障者受益 2010年秋初稿
有一对成功夫妇,教育成功了一位靠自己努力考上重点大学的女儿。我也为他们一家骄傲和庆贺。孩子母亲的一句话对我深有启发:“不要过度的悲情教育,而要给孩子阳光的心态”。如果家长和孩子总是沉浸在悲壮的情绪中,我想即便是学习好了,也难以将来与大众沟通。我欣赏周弘先生的一句话:对您的孩子少用食指指责,多竖大拇指鼓励。现在绝大多数早期使用了助听器和耳蜗植入的孩子都正常地生活着,这是我们专业人员最乐于看到的。我们可能成不了顶尖人才,但是可以与大众一样地快乐。我们做到了吗?我们今天是鼓励了孩子,还是有为了2分英语成绩又训了他/她20分钟?
不能让孩子“太老实” 续篇 由于常年从事听力学工作,以及言语测听方面的研究,积累了一定的经验。由此帮助了许多朋友,也给很多听障儿童的家长一定的帮助。大家也很信任我。 但是,在门诊常常看看到孩子见了生人(尤其是穿白大褂的医师)就哭,或者一句话不说。殊不知,我听一听孩子的发音比很多测试都能帮助判断听力康复的情况。因此,再次建议大家:1.一定不要娇惯孩子,否则所有康复手段事倍功半;2.一定要鼓励孩子在生人面前大声讲出来!!!!!只有能够与陌生人进行语言交流才能证明康复的成功。3.提供各种机会让孩子与其他人交流,比如到商店买一瓶酸奶,然后再换成一根棒棒糖。4.要定期复查听力。
After several international conferences, some friends asked me about my research. I put one of my researches—Chinese speech tests here as your references. I also introduced myself.If you wanted to know more, please send mail to me. Thank you.Zhang Hua (a-zhang@263.net)At Beijing, ChinaMandarin Speech Test Materials(MSTMs)Zhang Hua, M.D.Capital Medical UniversityBeijing TongRen HospitalBeijing Institute of OtolaryngologyPrefaceSpeech audiometry is generally regarded as more acceptable for identifying patients with poor auditory capability and evaluating the communication ability in their daily livesDifferent kinds of English materials have been used in clinics for a long time, such as the PB-50 word lists, AB word lists, W-22, NU-6, CID everyday sentences, SPIN testsSpeech Test History in ChinaWhy so slowly in China?Edited materials too old, some words are seldom used nowThe old materials were edited by a few different institutes and not standardized yet. Almost no choicesHard to compare the results among institutes and clinicsNo commercials materials could be purchased in the marketWhy so slowly in China?Audiology is not a popular profession yetThe homogeneity, equivalence, validity, reliability and maneuverability need strict evaluationAll these needs a long time of research and cooperation with different professionsThe Mandarin Speech Test Materials (MSTMs) in China Study ProceduresDesigning of MSTMsRecording and calibration of MSTMsEvaluating of MSTMsFurther StudiesStep 1 Designing of MSTMs Monosyllabic materials 10 lists , 50 words per list All the words are in common use and have real meaning. Chosen from authorized linguistic books The test words in each list are 3-D phonologically balanced (vowel, consonant and tone)Step 1 Designing of MSTMs Disyllabic (spondaic) materials 10 lists , 50 words per list All words are common in daily life and phonologically balanced. Avoid using two 3rd-tone monosyllabic words to compose the test word. The disyllabic word with “一” (yī) or “不” (bù) as the first syllable can not be selected All words were stressed equally, and were excluded with neural tone in the endStep 1 Designing of MSTMsSentence materials 30 lists with 10 sentences in each list , 50 keywords per list The test sentences are representative of conventional spoken Mandarin (not written Chinese language) in most areas in China The intelligibility of each list is homogeneousStep2 Recording and calibration of MSTMs The materials were digitally recorded in the China National Radio Station by an experienced male Mandarin broadcasterThe pronunciation was clear and natural, the intensity of speech sounds was at a similar levelThe calibration tone (a 1000 Hz pure tone , 30 seconds ) was inserted at the beginning of the recordingThe speech material in each track was within ±0.5 dB of the standard reference 1000 Hz toneThe presentation level of speech materials via the headphone from the audiometer was calibrated at 20 dB SPL, which equates to 0 dB HLStep3 Evaluation of MSTMs Equivalence analysis of Mandarin materials on normal-hearing subjectsPerformance-Intensity (PI) Function on normal-hearing subjectsDisyllabic words Performance-Intensity Function on hearing-impaired subjectsEquivalence analysis with normal-hearing subjectsSubjects : normal hearing subjects including 25 males and 35 females ,5 subjects for the pilot test and 60 subjects for the formal test Method: the subject listened to the materials and required to repeat loudly, guessing was encouraged . There was a practice list in the beginning of each sessionpresentation level decided by the pilot test monosyllabic words PTA+ 10 dBdisyllabic words PTA+ 2 dBsentences fixed at 5 dB HL Equivalence analysis with normal-hearing subjects7 monosyllabic, 9 disyllabic and 15 sentence lists are equivalent monosyllabic words :list 1,4,5,6,7,8,9 disyllabic words list:1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10 sentences list:1,2,4,6,7,8,12,13,14,15,16,18,21,22,25Performance-Intensity (PI) Function on normal-hearing subjects P-I Function on normal-hearing subjects For the monosyllabic, disyllabic and sentence materials, all the regression analysis showed a high correlation between correct score and presentation level. The regression function follows monosyllables: Y=34.56X3-7.53X2+0.43X-0.0052 disyllable: Y=-0.14X2+13.4X-200.9 sentences: Y=124.29X3+7.5931X2-0.0001P-I Function on normal-hearing subjectsmonosyllabic P-I Function on hearing-impairedSubjects: 45 patients with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (pilot study 5, formal study 40)average age: 58PTA (0.5, 1k, 2k and 4k) for better ear ≦ 60 dB HLmonosyllabic P-I Function on hearing-impairedpresentation levelTwo groups for shorting test time: 20 each group and 5 presentation levelsmonosyllabic P-I Function on hearing-impairedDisyllabic P-I Function on hearing-impaired subjectsSubjects 40 subjects (23 males and 17 females) with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss (5 for pilot and 35 for formal), the mean age is 58 years old. The average PTA threshold at 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz is 44.6 dB HL Presentation level : SRT+15 dB,SRT+10 dB,SRT+5 dB,SRT,SRT-5 dB,SRT-10 dB were selected as the presentation levelsDisyllabic P-I Function on hearing-impaired subjectsFor disyllabic materials, the quadratic regression analysis (Y= -270.3+12.2x-0.11x2) showed a very high correlation (0.997) between correct score and presentation level. The SRT of these subjects was 44.6 dB. The average PTA at 0.5, 1k, 2k and 4k Hz was 43.7 dB HL. There was thus a very good agreement between the SRT and PTA threshold for hearing-impaired subjects using these Mandarin disyllabic materialsDisyllabic P-I Function on hearing-impaired subjectsPurpose for short listsIt is perfect to use 50-word list but takes longer time and not good for clinical usageEditing of the short listsSet up the subgroup of consonants and vowels according to their location and method of pronunciationOnly chose the representatives of the phonemes in the same groupCombine selected phonemes: reduce word numbers and make sure to test necessary phonetic characteristicsEdit of short monosyllable listsEquivalent evaluation of short monosyllable lists24 short monosyllable lists, 20 words in each listSubjects: 48 normal hearing young students, half male/femaleMethod: repeat after presentation, encourage guessing. Practice before testPresentation level: one level for one list. Every subjects listened all 24 lists successively. From 20 to 5 dB HL, reducing the level with 5 dB each step. Each circle has 6 lists with 6 presentation levelsEquivalent evaluation of short monosyllable listsAfter analysis, 16 lists are equivalentGot P-I curves of 24 lists by nonlinear as the logistic regressionThe slope of linear part for 20-80% discrimination scores is 3.2%/dBThe slope of linear part for 40-50% discrimination scores is 22.5%/dBFurther StudiesMSTMs tests in noiseNonsense listsComputerization for all lists Hope to cooperate with youFundsNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaBeijing Natural Science Foundation National 10th 5-year scientific research programCapital Medical Developing Foundationacknowledgement§ Prof. Zhang JiaLu, acoustician§ Prof. Wang HongJun, linguistician§ Associate Prof. Cao Wen, linguistician§ Prof. Liu ZhaoXiong and Song XinQiao, linguistician§ Prof. Ma BinRong, statistician§ Prof. Li Lin, audiologist§ Prof. Wu ZongJi, linguistician§ Prof. Robert H. Mannell (special visit for this topic)§ Prof. Philip Newall (regular visiting professor of our school)§ Ms. Fiona Sutherland (stayed with us for 10 months)§ Prof. Jack Katz§ Prof. Gus Mueller§ Dr. Harvey Dillon§ Dr. Gus Mueller§ AUDiTEC of St. Louis 的 Dr. William F. Carver§§Curriculum vitaeName: Hua Zhang, M.D., Male, born in Shandong Province Nationality: ChineseWork: Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology Clinical Audiology Center Beijing TongRen HospitalTitle:Associated ProfessorPosition: Director of Applied Science Department and Clinical Audiology Center 1977.11: Medical student in Nanjing, 5 years.1982.12: Assistant professor, resident of ENT1985:Graduate student. Peaking Union Medical College. Supervisor: Prof. Zhizhong Wang. Director of China National Committee of Otolaryngology. Finished to edit “the Minimal Auditory Capabilities in Chinese (MACC)”, the current main speech evaluation materials of cochlear implants in China.1988: Attending ENT doctor in Peaking Union Medical College Hospital.curriculum vitae1994:Portland, OR. Passed tests: License of dispensing hearing AIDSin Oregon, BC-HIS, HIS membership. Visited many professional places and attended congresses of HIS and AAORL-HNS.1995: Minneapolis, MN. Starkey Labs. Inc. Hearing aid fitting supervisor and regional manager.curriculum vitae1996:First one to make and use CIC in China. Organize many professional classes to train hearing aid dispensers.2000:Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology and Clinical Audiology Center of Beijing TongRen Hospital. Insist to enhance audiology education in China. Introduce binaural digital fitting of hearing AIDS. Attended many international and national seminars and congress.Professional MembershipAcoustic societyChina 1989Biomedical Engineering Society of China 1993Board Certified Hearing Instrument Specialist of International Hearing Society1994Member of International Hearing Society 1994Licensed Hearing Consultant of Oregon 1994Member of American Auditory Society 1994Member of American Academy of Audiology 1996China Association of Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons, member of hearing and speech rehabilitation committee 2003, 1997UNHS Expert Group of Beijing 2003Expert of Audiology Development Foundation of China 2004Expert of public bidding of hearing AIDSfor China Disabled Persons’ Federation 2004《Chinese Archives of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery》editorial member 2004《Chinese Scientific Journal of Hearing and Speech Rehabilitation》standing editor 2003《Journal of Audiology and SpeechPathology》 editorial member2003《Otolaryngology Foreign Medical Sciences》audiology editor 2004ResearchClinical Audiology§Speech audiometry,esp. standardization of Chinese test list for adults.§Hearing Aid Fitting, Speech recognition in noise§Hearing screening, national hearing evaluation standards.Otology§Common Ear Diseases§Inner Ear diseases§ContactDr. Hua ZhangBeijing Institute of Otolaryngology17 Hou Gou Hu TongBeijing, 100005P. R. ChinaE-mail: a-zhang@263.net