10 of Today’s Hottest Jobs]What did we look for? Fields of study with grads—both recent grads within the past five years and those well into their careers—who enjoy an attractive combination of big paychecks and abundant employment opportunities. The undergraduate programs that we ranked can take from two to five years to complete.Take a peek at our list of the ten best college majors for your career.1. Pharmacy and PharmacologyThinkstockUnemployment rate: 3.2%Unemployment rate for recent grads: 5.4%Median salary: $105,000Median salary for recent grads: $51,200Projected job growth for this field, 2010–2020: 25%A pharmacy major can be a bit of an investment, since most states require students to earn a post-grad degree to work as a pharmacist. However, pharmacologists, who don’t necessarily require graduate training, can land jobs right out of college. Public and private labs hire recent grads to research drugs and drug interactions. But whether pharmacy undergrads go on to med school, research or some related field, they can expect to earn big salaries fast. Pharmacists stand to make six figures working in hospitals and stores. Both programs involve pharmacology, toxicology and ethics classes—and promise plenty of jobs when class lets out. Even among recent grads, unemployment is a low 5.4%.2. NursingUnemployment rate: 2.2%Unemployment rate for recent grads: 4.0%Median salary: $60,000Median salary for recent grads: $48,000Projected job growth for this field, 2010–2020: 26%Nursing has always made for a steady, well-paid career, but it's looking especially good as baby-boomers age. Demand for nurses is way up, so unemployment, even among new grads, is down. Nursing majors study a predictable list of health care subjects including anatomy, physiology and biology. While you can score an R.N. certification after two years, nurses with bachelor's degrees generally enjoy better salaries, earning potential and advancement opportunities than their less-educated peers.3. Transportation Sciences and TechnologyThinkstockUnemployment rate: 4.4%Unemployment rate for recent grads: N/AMedian salary: $68,000Median salary for recent grads: $53,100Projected job growth for this field, 2010–2020: 5%Head in the clouds? Hardly a bad thing. Aeronautics and aviation technology majors can expect to earn more than $50,000 right out of school—and as much as $90,000 midway through their careers. Most study engineering, mechanics and aerodynamics and work for airplane manufacturers. Depending on the program, transportation sciences can also include fields such as materials engineering and automotive-technology management.4. Treatment Therapy ProfessionsUnemployment rate: 2.6%Unemployment rate for recent grads: 5.4%Median salary: $62,000Median salary for recent grads: $60,400Projected job growth for this field, 2010–2020: 33%While physical therapists typically need a doctorate degree, respiratory, radiation and recreational therapists make the big bucks on a B.A. alone. Recent grads start off at $60,400, one of the highest salaries on our list. Radiation therapists, for example, stand to make $75,000, the national median for that particular therapy field, after a few years. Treatment therapy programs generally include anatomy and physiology courses, as well as chemistry, physics and pharmacology. Regardless of specialty, most therapists work in hospitals or nursing homes.[More from Kiplinger: 5 Advanced Degrees Still Worth the Debt]5. Chemical EngineeringThinkstockUnemployment rate: 3.8%Unemployment rate for recent grads: 7.5%Median salary: $86,000Median salary for recent grads: $64,500Projected job growth for this field, 2010–2020: 6%Chemical engineering majors make more money out of school than any other major on our list. If that's not enough to send you running for the chem lab, consider the fact that, a few years in, the average chemical engineer will make over $30,000 more than his friends in other fields. The work isn't easy. Chemical engineers study chemistry, physics and biology in school. But after graduation, these engineers stand to enjoy high five-figure salaries in labs and offices and a very low unemployment rate.6. Electrical EngineeringUnemployment rate: 5.0%Unemployment rate for recent grads: 7.3%Median salary: $86,000Median salary for recent grads: $57,000Projected job growth for this field, 2010–2020: 6%Electrical engineering isn't for the faint of heart or the mathematically challenged. But if you can survive four years of differential equations and circuit theory, you're on track to make $57,000 a year at your first job. That’s $20,000 more than the median salary for new grads in the top 100 majors. Long-term job growth is modest, with a 10-year projection below the 14% average for all occupations. Still, consistent demand for qualified electrical engineers keeps unemployment in check. Nearly 300,000 electrical engineers design and test components for manufacturers, engineering firms and power plants across the country.7. Medical TechnologiesThinkstockUnemployment rate: 1.4%Unemployment rate for recent grads: 5.4%Median salary: $58,000Median salary for recent grads: $45,100Projected job growth for this field, 2010–2020: 13%Medical technologists are in serious demand—so serious, in fact, that some hospitals try to tempt recent grads with perks such as sign-on bonuses. In addition to the abundance of employment opportunities, medical-technologies majors can look forward to above-average starting salaries. In school, majors study chemistry, biology and clinical laboratory skills; after graduation, they work in hospitals, doctors’ offices and diagnostic labs analyzing patient samples.8. Construction ServicesUnemployment rate: 5.4%Unemployment rate for recent grads: N/AMedian salary: $65,000Median salary for recent grads: $50,200Projected job growth for this field, 2010–2020: 17%Construction services may seem an odd choice in a down economy, when building projects can grind to a halt. Still, there's enough demand for general contractors and construction managers to keep unemployment at a tidy 5.4%. Construction-services majors study project scheduling and construction law and go on to oversee projects ranging from office buildings to power plants. The workplace isn't as glamorous as a swanky office, but new construction services grads make more money than new grads in finance, general engineering and pre-law.[More from Kiplinger: SPECIAL REPORT: New Grad’s Guide to Financial Success]9. Management Information SystemsThinkstockUnemployment rate: 4.2%Unemployment rate for recent grads: 7.4%Median salary: $71,000Median salary for recent grads: $51,000Projected job growth for this field, 2010–2020: 18%Not all computer majors are created equal, contrary to rumor and admissions-office hype. Computer-networking majors, for instance, see 8.2% unemployment and a $37,300 salary upon graduation. But management information systems majors can expect high starting salaries right out of school, and strong job and salary growth after that. The major prepares students to work in IT for big organizations—helping clueless technophobes fix their e-mail, sure, but also building, securing and maintaining a network for an entire company.10. Medical Assisting ServicesUnemployment rate: 2.9% (Average for all grads with a bachelor’s degree: 4.9%)Unemployment rate for recent grads: 5.4% (Average for top 100 majors: 7.7%)Median salary: $51,000 (Median for all grads with bachelor’s: $54,756)Median salary for recent grads: $43,000 (Median for top 100 majors: $37,000)Projected job growth for this field, 2010–2020: 31% (Average: 14%)If you don't mind following doctors' orders, medical assisting is a pretty sweet deal. The average medical assistant with a two-year associate’s degree will enjoy far better job prospects than most grads and earn nearly as much money as a young B.A.-holder. Medical-assisting majors study office administration and basic clinical skills, such as transcription, coding and lab procedures. They generally work in doctors’ offices, taking patient history, performing basic tests, and tracking insurance and other paperwork as needed.
内外科共话AJCC胃癌新分期http://www.cmt.com.cn/xshy/zl/csco2010/expertsview/201009/t20100926_266219.html内外科共话AJCC胃癌新分期2010年09月26日 来源: 中国医学论坛报 作者: 廖莉莉 关键词: 胃癌;内科;外科;分期 □《中国医学论坛报》记者廖莉莉 在今年的CSCO年会上,有这么一群医生,他们自己从论坛选题到组织细节无不亲历亲为,目的就是为了给大家带来一场别开生面的“CSCO青年专家论坛”,以展现我国当代青年肿瘤医师的风采。他们,就是CSCO青年沙龙的诸位学子。在这些活跃在当今肿瘤界的青年学者的精心准备下,一场围绕大肠癌肝转移治疗、美国癌症联合委员会(AJCC)胃癌更新热点及乳腺癌治疗的讨论就此展开。现撷取部分内容,整理如下。 北京肿瘤医院消化肿瘤内科张小田就AJCC胃癌分期提出了几点意见。 1.关于T3、T4a和浆膜层 对于内科医师来说,最新版(第7版)国际抗癌联盟(UICC)/AJCC公布的TNM分期中,浆膜下层(Subserosa,SS)可能算是一个新鲜“面孔”。SS是指肿瘤浸润至浆膜下结缔组织且并未侵犯临近结构或浆膜(脏层腹膜)。而大家平时在病理报告中常见的一些描述,如侵及浆膜、侵达浆膜、侵及全层、侵及全层达浆膜外脂肪组织、侵透浆膜等,其实都是属于新版分期中的T4a期,即侵犯或穿透浆膜。 2.活检淋巴结数目对N分期判断的影响 活检淋巴结数目太少是否可以被定义为pN0?新版指南指出,无论切除或检查的淋巴结数目多少,只要为阴性,即为pN0。因此,病理分期N0≠临床分期N0,在诊断时的“N0”期患者,治疗时可能不一定真的能作为“N0”来对待。 3.难以恰当分期时的处理 为了准确判定肿瘤分期,内科医生要学会读手术记录和病理报告。例如,须判断术式及淋巴结清扫是否足够。但是,当术中描述与术后病理报告不相符时,该如何处理?AJCC分期明确指出,如果TNM不能恰当定义,应按照较低分期来定义,以符合整个AJCC分期原则。虽然找不到这句话的明确根据,但我们更愿意理解为,应以一个更加积极的态度去治疗我们的患者。 4.新版分期的临床意义 将T1期细分为T1a及T1b,为早期胃癌是否应进行内镜下治疗提供了明确的适应证。而将N分期细分、将Ⅳ期划分为M0和M1也较合理,原Ⅳ期M0分至ⅡB~ⅢC。但在我国现阶段D2根治术不能做到100%完成的情况下,ⅢA、ⅢB、ⅢC分期是否合理?虽然对单纯卵巢转移、单纯肝转移、腹水细胞学阳性等胃癌较为特殊的转移模式难于进行病理分期,但临床上却有其独特的治疗方式。 北京肿瘤医院普通外科李子禹对新旧版AJCC胃癌分期进行了对比。 1.T分期的变化 与第6版UICC/AJCC分期相比,第7版分期中T分期的变化见表1和图1。 2.N分期的变化 与第6版相比,第7版分期中N分期的变化见表2。 3.M分期的变化 与第6版相比,第7版分期中M分期变化不大,只是取消了Mx的定义(远处转移无法评估)。
首页>中国医学论坛报>论坛报期刊>201010283640NCCN胰腺癌指南外科部分解读2010年10月28日 来源:中国医学论坛报中国医学科学院北京协和医院外科 张太平 肖剑春 赵玉沛胰腺癌是一种恶性程度极高的消化系统肿瘤,其发病率在全球范围内逐年上升。2009年,美国胰腺癌新发病例数为42470例,死亡病例数为35240例,在恶性肿瘤死亡率中居第4位,5年生存率<5%。我国胰腺癌发病率也呈逐年增长趋势。 根治性手术切除是胰腺癌综合治疗的核心,也是胰腺癌患者获得长期生存的唯一希望,目前胰腺癌根治术后5年生存率可达15%~25%。近年来,大医疗中心接受胰头十二指肠切除术患者的死亡率已<5%,胰腺癌的外科治疗取得了一定进展。本文结合最新的美国国立综合癌症网络(NCCN)指南,就其外科治疗的关键问题加以讨论,以期进一步规范胰腺癌的外科治疗。根治性手术可切除性标准 根治性手术是延长胰腺癌患者生存期最有效的治疗方式,然而胰腺癌发病隐匿、进展快、恶性度高、早期诊断率低,80%以上的患者在诊断时已无法接受根治性切除,故术前评估肿瘤范围及可切除性极为重要。近来有荟萃分析指出,多排螺旋三维重建CT预测肿瘤可切除性和不可切除性的准确率分别为52%~96%和90%~100%,是评估胰腺癌术前可切除性的最佳方法。此外,超声内镜、正电子发射体层摄影(PET)-CT、腹腔镜、腹腔镜超声等也是评估胰腺癌可切除性的重要方法。2009年胰腺癌NCCN指南对可切除性和不可切除性胰腺癌分别进行了定义(表)。国内在2007版胰腺癌诊治指南中对胰腺癌可切除性标准也有相应定义,然而目前并无一致公认的胰腺癌可切除标准。在实际工作中,判断能否切除还受其他因素如影像学检查的准确率、术者的经验及手术团队的专业性等影响。尽管如此,能否获得R0切除也应是胰腺癌可切除性评估的重点。可能切除性胰腺癌 在可切除和不可切除胰腺癌之间存在一片“灰色地带”,即可能切除性胰腺癌,2009年NCCN胰腺癌指南对此也进行了定义(表)。表 2009年NCCN指南关于可切除性、可能切除性和不可切除性胰腺癌的定义对于可能切除性胰腺癌,成功R0切除的风险较大,故患者术前应先接受新辅助治疗(包括全身化疗、放化疗),再行可切除性评估,决定下一步治疗方案。M. D. 安德森癌症中心回顾分析了该中心160例诊断为可能切除性胰腺癌患者的数据,其中125例接受了新辅助治疗,在行可切除性再评估后,66例接受了根治性手术(62例获得R0切除)。手术患者与非手术患者的中位生存期有显著差异(40个月对13个月,P<0.001)。该中心还通过非随机Ⅱ期临床试验发现,新辅助治疗提高了胰腺癌的R0切除率。一项荟萃研究纳入1966-2009年间111项临床研究共4394例患者,结果显示,经新辅助治疗后,约1/3可能切除性患者可获根治性切除,术后患者的生存期和可切除患者无差异。由此可见,血管受累并非胰腺癌手术的绝对禁忌证,临床中应重视可能切除性胰腺癌患者,积极进行新辅助治疗以期达到R0切除。但对于新辅助治疗的具体疗程和方案还须进行更多临床研究。术前胆道引流 约70%胰头癌患者以梗阻性黄疸为首发症状,有研究者认为,黄疸增加了手术并发症,故建议术前经皮穿刺或于内镜下行胆道引流,但这一观点备受争论。有荟萃分析显示,术前减黄(PBD)反而使手术并发症增加,并且延长了患者的住院时间、增加了住院费用。但限于这些分析所基于的临床研究的严谨性,其结果可信度受到质疑。《新英格兰医学杂志》发表了一项多中心前瞻性随机对照研究,将202例患者随机分为立即手术组或术前胆道引流组,结果显示,虽然后者的总并发症高于前者(P<0.001),但两组的手术相关并发症并无显著差异。曼纽尔(Manuel)建议仅在须接受新辅助治疗或转诊等不能立即手术的患者中进行术前引流。 2009版NCCN胰腺癌治疗指南也推荐可切除性胰腺癌患者仅在出现胆管炎或发热时才放置暂时性支架进行术前胆道引流。中国2007版指南同样不推荐常规进行术前胆道引流。是否保留幽门 与传统的胰十二指肠切除术[PD,即惠普尔(Whipple)手术]相比,保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术(PPPD)保留了幽门和近端十二指肠。有学者报告,PPPD降低了倾倒综合征、脂肪泻、吻合口溃疡等胃切除术后并发症发生率,提高了患者生活质量。但也有学者怀疑上述观点,并认为PPPD增加了术后胃排空障碍。对于PPPD是否影响患者生存期也同样存在争论:一项来自荷兰的随机前瞻性多中心临床研究纳入170例患者进行分析,结果表明,PPPD未降低手术R0切除率,对患者生存时间无影响。美国约翰斯霍普金斯医院和得克萨斯医学中心也分别得出类似结论。也有研究指出,比较两种手术方式的疗效受到患者术前肿瘤分期的影响,在该研究中,接受PD者的十二指肠受侵犯率高于接受PPPD者(P<0.05)。同时有回顾性分析显示,Ⅲ期胰腺癌患者在接受PPPD后,生存期较接受PD者明显缩短。因此,应严格掌握PPPD手术适应证,当肿瘤已侵犯十二指肠或第5、6组淋巴结时,应选择进行Whipple手术而非PPPD。区域性淋巴结清扫 胰腺癌呈浸润性生长,较早发生淋巴结转移。为提高胰腺癌手术切除率和延长患者生存时间,上世纪有研究中心提出进行比传统PD手术更为扩大的区域性淋巴结清扫,如清扫包括从右肾门至腹主动脉左侧边界之间的淋巴结和从门静脉至肠系膜下动脉发出部位之间的淋巴结。约翰斯霍普金斯医院对胰腺癌扩大根治术进行了前瞻性随机临床研究,纳入的299例患者随机接受传统PD手术或胰十二指肠扩大淋巴结清扫术,结果显示:后者手术并发症(如胰瘘和术后胃排空障碍)发生率显著高于前者;虽然两组患者的手术切缘镜下阳性率有显著差异(20%对5%,P=0.003),但其1年和5年生存率并无差别。美国梅奥医学中心的前瞻性随机临床研究和荟萃分析均显示,区域性淋巴结清扫不能延长患者生存期。日本名古屋医学中心的回顾性分析也表明,是否行区域性淋巴结清扫对有腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移的胰腺癌患者预后无影响。目前因缺少临床研究证据,不将区域性淋巴结清扫作为胰十二指肠切除术的常规部分。肠系膜上-门静脉切除和重建 由于解剖位置毗邻,胰头癌易侵犯门静脉系统。血管受累曾一度被列为胰腺癌切除术的禁忌证。但随着自体和人工合成血管移植物的应用和胰腺癌手术技术的提高,为获得肿瘤完整切除,胰十二指肠切除联合门静脉系统切除和重建被逐步应用。德国海德堡大学的回顾性分析显示,110例患者在接受胰十二指肠切除联合静脉切除重建术后,围手术期死亡率为3.6%,并发症发生率为41.8%,1年、2年和3年生存率分别为55.2%、23.1%和14.4%,作者认为联合肠系膜上-门静脉切除重建术的安全性可以接受。M. D. 安德森癌症中心回顾了291例胰腺癌患者资料,其中110例接受胰十二指肠切除联合肠系膜上-门静脉切除重建术,181例仅行胰十二指肠切除术,两组中位生存期分别为23.4个月和26.5个月(P=0.177),需行联合静脉切除术者的中位生存期接近仅需行标准胰十二指肠切除术者,且预后优于因局部血管受侵而未手术者。蔡(Chua)等分析了1995-2009年间28项回顾性临床研究的1458例患者,其围手术期死亡率为4%、手术R0切除率为75%、R1切除率为25%,患者中位生存期为15个月;接受联合血管切除者的生存期与接受单纯胰十二指肠切除者无显著差异。因此,一些医疗中心推荐,对于适当的患者,可进行联合肠系膜上-门静脉切除和重建术。基于国内外相关文献报道,并经过2004、2006年全国胰腺外科研讨会与会专家的广泛讨论,我国胰腺癌诊治指南定义了胰头癌根治性手术的合理切除范围:① 清除下腔静脉和腹主动脉之间的淋巴、结缔组织;② 清除肝门部软组织;③ 在门静脉左侧断胰颈;④ 切除胰钩;⑤ 将肠系膜上动脉右侧的软组织连同十二指肠系膜一并切除;⑥ 若肿瘤局部侵犯门静脉时,在保证切缘阴性的情况下,将门静脉切除一段,进行血管重建。姑息性治疗 胰腺癌根治性手术切除率低,故姑息性治疗在胰腺癌综合治疗中发挥着重要作用,以下重点讨论与外科相关性强的胰腺癌姑息治疗。姑息性胰十二指肠切除术 来自德国的前瞻性研究比较了姑息性胰十二指肠切除术和胆肠胃肠双短路手术,发现两组患者的中位生存期无显著差异,而前者的手术死亡率、并发症发生率均高于后者。德国海德堡大学的研究显示,与46例行短路手术者相比,38例行R2切除者的手术并发症发生率和手术死亡率较高,但术后两年生存率也略高(22.6%对10.9%,P=0.656)。目前尚无足够证据表明姑息性胰十二指肠切除术可以延长患者生存期,故我国胰腺癌诊治指南不对其进行常规推荐。解除梗阻性黄疸 对于不可切除性胰头癌,解除胆道梗阻对保护患者肝功能、提高生活质量至关重要。随着内镜和介入技术的进步,非手术治疗被越来越多地用于解除胆道梗阻。有前瞻性随机对照研究证明,恶性梗阻性黄胆患者接受内镜或手术治疗后的生存期并无差异,而前者的生活质量和医疗花费较优化。故目前一般仅对内镜或介入治疗失败,反复支架堵塞或支架置入后胆管炎,一般状况好、预期生存较长者行开腹或腹腔镜胆肠吻合。目前临床对胰管梗阻性高压所致疼痛及胰腺外分泌功能不足重视不够,故我国2007版胰腺癌诊治指南指出,在姑息性手术中行胰管空肠吻合可解决上述问题。解除胃输出道梗阻约10%~25%的胰腺癌患者会出现胃输出道梗阻(GOO),其主要原因为:肿瘤侵犯腹腔神经丛或血管所致胃十二指肠功能不全;肿瘤侵犯或外压所致十二指肠机械性梗阻。对于前者,主要应用胃肠动力药物治疗;对于后者,目前主要通过内镜放置十二指肠支架或手术进行胃肠吻合来解除梗阻。荷兰一项前瞻性随机对照研究纳入39例患者,结果显示,接受胃肠吻合术患者的术后并发症发生率(P=0.02)和再梗阻率(P<0.01)均低于放置十二指肠支架者 。对于是否进行预防性胃肠吻合术,临床上一直有争议。近来,一些医学中心进行了相关研究。一项荟萃分析总结了美国、中国台北、荷兰的前瞻性临床研究结果后指出,在不可切除性胰头癌患者接受姑息性手术时(如胆肠吻合术)或对可能切除性患者行术中探查发现肿瘤不可切除时,进行预防性胃肠吻合术可减少远期GOO发生率且不增加术后胃排空障碍等并发症发生率。2009年美国国立综合癌症网络(NCCN)胰腺癌治疗指南推荐进行预防性胃肠吻合术。对于一般状况好、预期生存较长(>3~6个月)的胰腺癌GOO患者,宜行胃肠吻合术;对于一般状况差、不能耐受手术者,可通过内镜放置支架或行经皮内镜胃造口(PEG)导管置入。综上所述,根治性手术切除仍是目前胰腺癌患者获得长期生存的唯一方法。胰腺癌的早期诊断是根治性手术的基础,故胰腺癌高危患者应进入胰腺诊治绿色通道进行肿瘤标志物、影像学、病理学活检等检查。确诊为胰腺癌的患者应尽早接受根治性手术可切除性评估:可切除者限期接受根治性手术,术后接受包括化疗、放疗在内的综合治疗;可能切除者应先接受新辅助治疗,再行可切除性评估;不可切除者直接接受姑息治疗、综合治疗。随着影像学技术的发展、外科技术和设备的改善、相关临床试验的深入、治疗理念的更新,外科治疗在胰腺癌综合治疗中将发挥更加重要的作用。[2620401]