郑州市骨科医院健康大讲堂——《骨质疏松--静悄悄的流行病》专题讲座走进建设路社区随着我国进入老龄化社会,老年人口不断增加,骨质疏松症发病率呈现不断上升的趋势。大多数骨质疏松患者在疾病早期是没有明显症状的,所以骨质疏松症又被称为“寂静的杀手”、“静悄悄的疾病”。据统计,我国约有2.1亿人存在低骨量问题,有近7000万骨质疏松患者,疼痛、驼背、身高降低和骨折是骨质疏松症的特征性表现,严重者甚至翻身或咳嗽都会引起肋骨或椎体骨折,而一旦发生骨折,将严重影响生活质量、增加家庭负担。骨质疏松症导致的健康问题在我国乃至全球都是一个值得关注的问题。为了宣传和普及骨质疏松症的知识,倡导大家关注骨质疏松症,受郑州市建设路社区卫生服务中心的邀请,9月22日,我院医患关系与协作共建部组织颈肩腰腿痛II科主治医师王晓云为社区居民进行了一场《骨质疏松--静悄悄的流行病》专题讲座。讲座中,王医师就何为骨质疏松症、骨质疏松症患者与正常人的区别、骨质疏松症的症状与确诊、骨质疏松症的病因、骨质疏松症的预防和治疗及骨质疏松症的治疗误区等方面进行了详尽的讲解,并且告诉居民在平时的生活中,适当补充钙剂(如牛奶、豆制品等),少吃盐,经常晒太阳,适当参加活动。此次讲座让社区居民更加充分认识了“骨质疏松”的发生、预防,以及安全使用骨质疏松药物方面的知识。具体生动的事例、耐心详尽的讲评赢得了居民的掌声和好评。
2014年9月27日,郑州市骨科医院第四届关节外科学习班在郑州市骨科医院六楼会议室顺利举行,到场的嘉宾有河北医科大学第三医院的高石军主任等。 郑州市骨科医院院长张业龙致欢迎词,张院长在讲话中说:我院的关节置换自上世纪90年代初开展,经过20多年的临床实践,现在已经积累了丰富的临床经验,开展关节置换手术已达2000多例,取得了非常好的临床疗效,近几年各地关节置换发展迅速,这就需要我们建立关节外科置换技术的规范化培训机制,举办各类学习班,建立关节外科医师培训基地,实行严格的关节置换技术管理规范制度,做好适应证的选择、围手术期处理等问题。此次活动的目的是让大家在理论学习与实际操作中更好地进行学术交流,共同提高。 会议当日,高石军主任就“全膝关节置换术质量和速度”,我院邹世平主任就“人工全膝关节置换术的手术要点”、“膝关节置换围手术期的管理及并发症的预防”与大家进行了详细地讲解和交流。 会议上,我院利用手术视教系统对现场两例膝关节置换手术进行了转播,使参会医生进行了现场手术观摩,高石军主任对手术进行了现场点评,并对于参会医生提出的问题给予现场解答。下午,邹世平主任等进行了膝关节workshop操作演示,使与会医生对膝关节置换有了更加直观的感受。 会场,座无虚席,此次参会人员来自省内我院的协作医院,共有180名骨科医生,此次会议体现了我们的协作宗旨:以学术交流为先导,积极为广大骨科医师搭建学术交流平台。 我院常务副院长王爱国会后总结,此次的关节外科学习班从膝关节置换适应证的掌握、并发症的预防及围手术期的管理等方面都进行了详尽的讲解,我们与会的专家针对此方面的问题也都进行了互动交流,效果良好,达到了我们学术交流的目的,以后像此类的专科学习培训班我们会持续的开展,希望大家多沟通、多联系,共同发展和提高我们的骨专科技术,使我们的医疗资源更广泛的服务于百姓,做好双向转诊工作,满足不同层次人的医疗服务需要。
我院司文腾副主任等三人11月24日在石家庄太行国宾馆参加膝关节不均匀沉降学术联盟成立大会暨骨性关节炎研讨会。来自全国各地的百余名专家参加了研讨会。大会主席张英泽教授、西安交通大学第二附属医院王坤正教授以及加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校LouisM.Kwong教授分别做了精彩的大会发言。 根据膝关节骨性关节炎的发病机制,张英泽教授在临床和科研工作中,发现膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎患者的X线和CT图像上普遍存在胫骨内侧平台明显低于外侧平台的沉降现象。腓骨支撑导致胫骨平台发生不均匀沉降是膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎发生及发展的重要因素,从而提出了膝关节不均匀沉降理论,根据这一理论采用腓骨近端截骨术治疗膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎患者,取得了良好的效果。河南省人口众多,骨性关节炎患病率较高,对于不适合行人工关节置换术的患者采用腓骨近端截骨术无疑是一种有益的新的治疗。 膝关节不均匀沉降学术联盟的成立将在全国范围内开展腓骨近端截骨术治疗膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎的多中心、多样本的前瞻性研究。这一新技术必将为广大患者带来更多福音。
近年来,“3D打印”这种“高、大、上”的新兴技术已经日臻成熟,在国内外的大型医疗机构开始尝试将3D打印技术应用于临床。 全膝关节置换术是迄今为至最成功的外科手术方式之一。然而术后各种原因导致的失败都需要翻修术。TKA翻修手术由于受到股骨及胫骨骨缺损的影响及解剖结构的改变,需要依靠残留的的骨性标志作为定位及截骨的参考,术前计划需要有丰富的临床经验,才能选择合适的假体及垫片。3D立体打印技术很好的满足了个性化TKA翻修手术的指标要求。医生对骨缺损部位进行了CT扫描,根据扫描数据建立了数字模型,然后以钛合金粉为原料利用3D打印技术为患者“量身定制”了骨缺损填充金属垫块。 近日,我院关节1科邹士平主任率领医疗团队将国产的3D打印技术应用到了膝关节翻修时骨缺损的临床治疗中,并取得了很好的临床效果。国产的3D打印技术用于膝关节骨缺损治疗在国内少有报道,这是国产关节中使用此项技术在中南地区第一例。经过术后精心的康复指导,患者恢复很好,目前患者已经顺利康复出院,并能行走自如。 回想起这位病人的求医之路,那是一段曲折的经历。2014年12月,一名60岁的大娘在家人的搀扶下慕名来找邹士平主任求治。该患者两年前在当地接受膝关节置换手术,半年前手术部位开始出现红肿,并在关节周围出现窦道。经过详细的术前检查,我们成功实施了关节感染旷置手术,术后感染控制非常理想,9个月前发现感染后,在我院先期把感染假体取出行旷置手术,术后感染控制非常好,病人不痛了,可以走路,很满意。经过2次手术可以说经济上已经比较困难,不想做翻修术了。通过随访沟通,让患者了解到拖延手术时间会产生更大的骨缺损,有可能使用到价格更高的旋转铰链膝关节。今年11月再次来到我科准备实施膝关节翻修手术。患者的这次到来给邹士平主任带来了不小的困难。由于患者膝关节经历了多次手术,膝关节周围出现较大范围的手术瘢痕、骨缺损,加之内外侧韧带松弛,手术难度大。当按照以往的治疗经验,像这种大的骨缺损,特别是股骨髁前方有骨缺损的患者行膝关节翻修手术,需要使用较多的金属垫块填补骨缺损后,才能安装翻修关节。甚至需要选用价格昂贵的特殊进口旋转铰链关节。经过充分考虑,邹主任想到了目前正方兴未艾的3D技术,使用3D打印金属垫块能有效填补骨缺损,并能减少其他部位使用垫块数的数量,另外3D打印出来的垫块更能和患者骨缺损更好地匹配。最关键的北京的一家关节生产企业对于家庭特别困难的患者提供免费的3D垫块,所以能为患者节约一大笔医疗费用。方案制定后,科室加班加点的测量各种数据,对骨缺损部位进行CT分析,根据CT数据建立了数字模型,最快速度采用打印出了垫块。11月13日,邹士平主任主刀进行了手术,术中印证了术前计划,3D垫块填补骨缺损贴合完美,手术非常顺利,术后1周患者就能够稳定的自由步行,再过几天,患者就能出院回家了。患者高兴的说:“我的腿可以重新走路了”。邹士平主任医师说:传统的关节假体和金属垫块都是标准的固定型号,而每个病人的骨骼形态都存在差异,假体很难做到与骨骼匹配,在手术中需要改变骨骼来适应假体,必然会造成进一步截骨。对于3D打印技术的应用在骨关节医疗领域带来革命性的进展。‘个体化’是骨科产品发展的趋势,3D打印技术能够为患者提供符合自身解剖特点的个体化关节组件。从而使骨科医生有了更有力的武器对付复杂的手术。我们这次手术,避免了更大量骨缺损,解决了关节翻修术中遇到的难题,并为患者节约了治疗经费。3D打印技术助推了关节病科在膝关节翻修手术技术方面进入国内先进行列。
2013-10-01 21:52 来源:科技日报 作者:张 梦然 从宇宙的奥秘到人为什么会做梦,人类至今依然有许多难题没有得到解答。而近日英国《卫报》进行了一些有益的尝试——他们试图解答位列前排的那几十大科学问题。这些谜题既可以说是科学巨轮前进方向上的灯塔,却也未尝不是所有“航海者”——科学家们的终极“噩梦”。 这就是当今人们最该知道却最难于回答的20个科学问题。 问题一:宇宙由何组成? 尽管天文学作为一门科学,已经有了几百年的历史,但是天文学家们至今依然无法解决一个尴尬问题——那就是回答宇宙的95%是由什么组成的。 我们周围由原子构成的、可见的世界,其物质总量仅仅占到宇宙的5%。经过以往80年的研究,人们终于确定是两种隐形的存在——暗物质和暗能量组成了那些剩余。暗物质首先于1933年被发现,它就像一种无形的胶水,将星系、星云粘合为一体。暗能量则直到1998年才为人所知,它是宇宙加速膨胀的推手。天文学家确信,他们已经越来越接近揭开这些神秘存在的真实身份的那一天。 问题二:生命打哪儿来? 40亿年前,地球混沌一片的原始环境中,生命最初级的形态开始涌动。若干最基本的化学元素相互聚集,并开始了生化反应,最终产生了第一批可以自我复制的分子。而人类正是这些分子演进后的造物。 不过这里有一个问题,彼时那些基本化学元素是如何自发排列出生命的形式?人类如何以及从何获取了DNA?世界上第一个细胞是什么样子?这个问题即便在化学家斯坦利·米勒“原生汤”理论提出一百多年后,依然众说纷纭。有人坚持认为生命来自火山边上的热水池,有人则更相信是陨石带来了生命。 问题三:银河存知己? 问题的答案或许为“否”。 一直以来,天文学家在宇宙中搜索地球可能存在的同类。尤其那些水以液态存在、可能产生生命的星球,如木卫二、火星甚至遥远的系外行星。功能强大的射电望远镜始终监控着宇宙中的信息。1977年,它们还接收了一个可能为外星人发出的信号。与此同时,天文学家们也在不停地扫描目标星体可能具有的大气层,以期寻找到氧气和水。随着技术的不断发展,接下来的数十年,或许将成为天文学家的狩猎季,仅在银河系内就有着近600亿个潜在的目标。 问题四:我们缘何如此特殊? 如果仅仅从DNA上看,人类并不见得具有超越其它动物的特点。例如,人类基因组与黑猩猩有高达99%的相似,甚至跟香蕉也看起来差不多。而此前许多被认为是将人类与动物区分出来的特征,比如语言、使用工具、辨认镜中的自己等等,一些动物都可以做到。 之所以我们没有与动物混为一谈,首先在于我们有着发达的大脑——人类大脑中的神经元数量是大猩猩的三倍。其次或许就是我们的文化,以及它与基因之间的相互作用。当然,也有学者认为对火的利用及其衍生的熟食习惯帮助了大脑的发育。此外,群居合作、交流、交换技术也促使我们脱颖而出,成为这个星球的主人。 问题五:意识是个什么东西? 这个问题现在没有确切的答案。我们只知道,意识并不属于大脑的一部分,它实际上是由大脑不同的区域共同作用而产生。研究意识的问题,一条可行的思路是,循着摸清到底大脑的哪些区域参与了作用机制,以及神经系统的工作原理来展开。另外借助人工智能构建出一个高度仿真的模拟大脑,也可能有所裨益。 不过,这些并不能从哲学层面回答意识存在的意义。一个合理的解释是,意识存在的目的,是帮助人类更好地适应生存。对于感官获得的外界信息,大脑并非简单地做出反应,而是通过整合、筛选、加工外来的信息,为人们甄别当下的现实,想象绚烂的未来提供支持。 问题六:人为何会做梦? 人生苦短,其中还要拿出三分之一的时间来睡眠。不过即便花了这么多时间来睡觉,人们对睡眠的许多事情依然一无所知。科学家们就在试图解释为什么会睡觉和做梦。弗洛伊德理论的信徒们认为,梦表达了尚未实现的愿望,而这些通常跟性有关。也有人相信梦只不过是休息中的大脑某些混沌的思维。 如今,动物实验以及脑成像技术的发展,已经令我们认识到梦对于人类记忆、学习和情感都会产生影响。比如,实验显示老鼠会在梦中重现自己清醒时的经历。目的应该是帮助自己在经常会被放入的迷宫中找到出口。 问题七:物质是怎么回事? 关于这个问题的解释,或许会令人有些头疼。首先,构成人体的东西叫物质,它有一个和自己只存在电荷上的差异、名为反物质的“亲生兄弟”。不过两者最好是老死不相往来,因为相遇只会导致湮灭和消失。 为什么会有这种兄弟倪墙的情况,合理的解释是,大爆炸造就了数量相当的正、反物质。因而一旦物质遇到它所对应的反物质,两者就会同归于尽,只留下能量。 不过,就我们所在的宇宙而言,物质似乎更受造物主的偏爱,否则也就不会有人类的存在。至于为什么会这样,物理学家们正利用大型强子对撞机实验提供的数据来追寻答案,并将超对称性和中微子作为两个最具可能的突破点。 问题八:一个,还是一群宇宙? 宇宙的存在,本身就是一个奇迹。所有必须的条件在同一时间恰好具备,哪怕有一点微小的设定更改,或许就不会有我们这样的生命存在。而从另一方面来讲,其他不同的设定条件下,是否会产生其他的结果。为了解决这个“微调”的问题,物理学家们的研究正日渐转向“其他的宇宙”。 按照设想,如果有无数个宇宙存在于多元宇宙之中,那么这意味着每一种条件的组合,都会产生一个结果——就像人类所生存的这个宇宙一样。这听起来可能有些疯狂,但宇宙学、量子物理学提供的证据正佐证这个方向。 问题九:碳排放,放在哪? 碳排放现在是个热门词汇,那么为了地球的环境着想,碳最好排放到哪里去呢? 在过去的数百年里,人类把地下的化石燃料作为工业的血液加以利用,而所排出的二氧化碳,则塞满了整个大气层。如今,气候变暖的压力之下,我们想要物归原主,把碳送回它们一开始来的地方,比如埋进废弃的油气田,或者深藏海底。不过,我们并不能保证这些方法会万无一失。在处理旧麻烦的同时,我们还必须保护森林、沼泽等自然界真正长久储放碳的地域,并积极开发利用低碳、无碳的清洁能源与新能源。 问题十:太阳能否给予我们更多? 碳排放的压力,正迫使人们在控制石化原料消耗的同时,寻找一种新的能源供给。太阳,这颗距离我们最近的恒星,就提供了多种方案。首先我们已经在利用太阳能产生电力。此外,利用日光能量对水进行分解,得到氧气、氢气也不失为一条好的途径。氢气能够成为未来燃料电池汽车的动力来源。此外,科学家们也一直没有放弃对“无尽能源”核聚变的研究,希望这些方法可以解决人类对能源的不竭渴求。 问题十一:质数它怎么了? 数学不灵光的人,一般对质数没有什么兴趣,但是他们之所以能够安全地网上购物,靠的正是这些只能被自己和一整除的数字保驾护航。 信息安全是电子商务的核心。互联网专家们就通过将质数做成密钥来保护企业和客户的机密信息。不过,虽然质数对我们的日常生活起着至关重要的作用,它本身在学术上依然是个未解之谜。研究质数在自然数中分布规律的黎曼假设,几百年来一直吸引着最聪明的数学天才的目光,但至今无人可以给出完美解答。当然,某个怀揣不法之心的人的成功之日,或许将是电子商务的末日。 问题十二:细菌能否彻底被击败? 自弗莱明爵士于1929年发现青霉素起,抗生学便成为医学重要组成部分之一。而他这项令其捧得诺贝尔奖的重大发现,第一次令人类在与细菌的万年战争中占到了一次上风。一批能够抵御最致命疾病的药物出现,手术、移植和化疗等医疗手段由设想化为现实。 现在,近一百年过去了,弗莱明的这份遗产开始出现了问题。随着细菌的“与时俱进”,仅在欧洲,每年就有大约25万人死于多重耐药病菌。此外,不仅药物的供应渠道被诟病了几十年,抗生素的滥用更是将问题变得更糟——美国80%的抗生素竟然被用于刺激家畜的生长。 幸运地是,基因测序技术正在帮助人类开发出细菌无法适应的抗生素。这些新药的研制方法或许听起来有些不善,比如从排泄物中“收编”良性细菌,又或从深海中寻找新型细菌,这些都令我们有机会在这场与有机物的军备竞赛中,取得领先。 问题十三:计算机的极限在哪? 摩尔定律的存在,让计算机的发展成为一列停不下来的火车。今天我们人手一部的平板电脑和智能手机,比1969年美国人登月时所使用的电脑强大了不知多少倍。 但现在我们需要考虑这样一个问题,在体积小型化日渐极端时,如何能够持续不断地提高计算机的能力。当处理器芯片的物理空间即将压榨殆尽,电脑制造商是不是可以考虑一种新的设计思路?或者开发类似石墨烯、量子计算等新材料和新系统? 问题十四:治愈癌症可能吗? 直白地说,不会。因为癌症实际上并非单一的疾病,而是一种数百种的疾病因素的松散组合。早在恐龙时期就业已存在的癌症,肇始于各种基因缺陷,每个人都无法避免罹患癌症的风险。生命延续的时间越长,身体出现各种问题的可能性就越大。原因在于癌症也和我们一样,不断为了生存而进化着。 不过,魔高一尺道高一丈。虽然癌症是一个复杂的存在,人类依然依靠遗传学研究,日益了解、把握其诱发的原因以及扩散的方式。针对癌症的治疗和预防措施也日臻丰富。事实上,每年全球370万例癌症病例中的一半以上,都是可预防的。基本措施包括戒烟戒酒,控制饮食,保持锻炼,避免长时间日晒等等。 问题十五:机器人服务于人的时代? 如今的机器人技术,已经达到提供饮料、搬运行李等简单任务的程度。而与人类的社会分工一样,机器人的发展,将衍生出精于某一单项技能的专业工人:它们能按照你的亚马逊订单安排发货,熟练地挤牛奶,整理电子邮件,载着你往返于机场不同的候机楼。 不过,尽管有了这样快速的进步,我们仍旧需要攻破机器人技术最大的一个瓶颈——人工智能。如果没有极高的自我思维能力,人们很难会完全放心地交给机器人独自照顾老人这样的任务。目前,日本已经计划于2025年前实现机器人照顾老人的设想,不过对此依然需要我们进行更细致的思索。 问题十六:海底究竟有什么? 自出现在地球上,人类的生存发展一直与海洋休戚相关。但是直到今天,整个地区海洋中的95%依然没有人类涉足的痕迹。广袤的海洋深处,到底有什么? 寻找该问题答案的尝试,从未间断。1960年,唐纳德·沃尔什与雅克·皮卡德借助深海潜艇,下潜了海面以下7英里处。这次探索极大地推进了深海研究的进程,不过限于当时的条件,他们并未获得太多的结果。 由于对潜水设备的高要求以及人类身体的脆弱性,很多时候,我们只能依靠深潜机器人去执行任务,并且得到了许多新奇的发现。然而与整个海洋相比,这仅仅只是那个水下世界神奇魅力的九牛一毛。 问题十七:黑洞的真相是什么? 目前回答这个问题是不可能的,理由之一是找不到可以承担研究任务的工具。不过我们可以从理论上着手。根据爱因斯坦广义相对论,恒星在寿命完结之后形成黑洞,这是一个持续不断的坍缩过程,最终将得到一个无限小的极高密度点,即“奇点”。 只是,量子物理学家对此或许并不持赞同意见。作为广义相对论的对手,量子物理学数十年来从未表露丝毫愿意与前者“同流合污”的意思。不过,抛开双方对彼此的成见,一个被称为M理论的研究成果,或许能够回答黑洞中心到底有什么的谜题,揭开这个宇宙最极端造物的真面目。 问题十八:长生不老行不行? 当今社会,科技的发展一日千里,这也给我们造成了一种感觉:衰老或许不是生物的必然宿命,相反,它是一种能够借助医学技术治疗预防或者暂缓的疾病。 导致衰老的原因是什么?为什么某些特定生物的寿命长于其他?对于这些问题,尽管我们尚未厘清所有细节,但所掌握的答案已然越来越多——DNA损伤,老化、新陈代谢和优育之间的平衡,基因于其间的作用等等。这些都在逐渐组成一幅宏伟、完善的图景,或许还能够帮助人类改进药物疗法。 不过,与其追求活得长久,倒不如提高这种长寿的质量。像糖尿病、癌症等许多疾病都属于老年病范畴,因而治疗这些老年病本身或许就是一个切入点。 问题十九:人口如何不再是个问题? 自从上世纪60年代起,这个星球上的人口数量增加了一倍。而在现在70多亿的基础上,到2050年将会达到90亿。地球所能提供的空间是有限的,彼时人类如何提供充足的食物和燃料自给自足? 这不是一个玩笑,而是一个需要认真思考的问题——不管是考虑火星移民,还是向地下拓展生存空间,抑或加快生物农业技术的发展。 问题二十:时间穿梭有可能吗? 实际上已经有人实现了这种可能。按照狭义相对论的说法,环绕轨道运动的国际空间站中的宇航员,他们对于时间的感受,就要比地球上的同类们慢。当然,虽然空间站的速度已经够快,若要实现时间穿梭,依然差得很远。不过,如果能够做到持续加速,人类实现纵观千年也绝非不可能。 自然规律认定,人不可能踏进同一条河流。但物理学家们不这么想。他们已经制定了借助虫洞以及宇宙飞船实现时光回溯的蓝图。那时,你可以自己给过去的自己送上一份圣诞礼物,或是找到宇宙未解之谜的答案。 信源地址:http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2013/9/283252.shtm
骨质疏松及风湿性关节炎:加州大学两位博土(Drs. Hol Brook & Barrett Connor)针对年龄超过18岁的450人进行一项研究,发现适度饮用葡萄酒的人,其骨质密度比滴酒不沾的人高﹔而另一项由美国医生Dr. Linda Voigt针对一群18至64岁的女性所作的研究中则发现,每日饮用2杯以上的葡萄酒,可降低50%患风湿性关节炎的机率。http://blog.sina.com.cn/renrenguke
颈椎病又称颈椎综合征,可发生于中老年人,也可发生于青少年,是由于人体颈椎间盘逐渐地发生退行性变、颈椎骨质增生或颈椎正常生理曲线改变后刺激或压迫颈神经根、颈部脊髓、椎动脉、颈部交感神经而引起的一组综合症状。其发病率据报道在1.7%一17.6%,40至60岁为高发年龄。 如何预防颈椎病及如何自我保健?现在社会节奏加快、社会家庭压力加大,颈椎病也多见于青年患者,尤其多见于长期伏案、久坐、坐姿不当患者,由于长期低头伏案工作,使颈椎长时间处于屈曲位或某些特定体位,不仅使颈椎间盘内的压力增高,而且也使颈部肌肉长期处于非协调受力状态,颈后部肌肉和韧带易受牵拉劳损,椎体前缘相互磨损、增生,再加上扭转、侧屈过度,更进一步导致损伤,易于发生颈椎病。 对于长期伏案工作及学习人员首先在坐姿上尽可能保持自然的端坐位,头部略微前倾,保持头、颈、胸的正常生理曲线;尚可升高或降低桌面与椅子的高度比例以避免头颈部过度后仰或过度前屈;此外,定制一与桌面呈10~30度的斜面工作板,更有利于坐姿的调整。 其次在安全范围内活动颈部: 伏案或久坐时,应在1~2小时左右,有目的地让头颈部向左右转动数次,转动时应轻柔、缓慢,以达到该方向的最大运动范围为准;或行夹肩运动,两肩慢慢紧缩3~5秒钟,尔后双肩向上坚持3~5秒钟,重复6~8次;也可利用两张办公桌,两手撑于桌面,两足腾空,头往后仰,坚持5秒钟,重复3~5次。 第三抬头望远:当长时间近距离看物,尤其是处于低头状态者,既影响颈椎,又易引起视力疲劳,甚至诱发屈光不正。因此,每当伏案过久后,应抬头向远方眺望半分钟左右。这样既可消除疲劳感,又有利于颈椎的保健。 第四睡眠方式:睡觉时不可俯着睡,枕头不可以过高,过硬或过低。枕头:中央应略凹进,颈部应充分接触枕头并保持略后仰,不要悬空。习惯侧卧位者,应使枕头与肩同高。睡觉时,不要躺着看书。不要对着头颈部吹冷风。 第五防寒防湿:防风寒,潮湿,避免午夜,凌晨洗澡时受风寒侵袭。颈椎病患者常与风寒,潮湿等季节气候变化有密切关系。风寒使局部血管收缩,血流速度降低,有碍组织的代谢和血液循环。冬季外出应戴围巾或穿高领毛衫等,防止颈部受风,受寒。平常姿势要求:站如松、坐如钟、睡如弓。同一个姿势均不宜保持过久,应常更换。睡姿最好采取侧卧或仰卧,不可俯卧,同时使胸部、腰部保持自然曲度,双髋及双膝呈屈曲状,此时全身肌肉即可放松。http://blog.sina.com.cn/renrenguke
Methods· Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR)· Birmingham Mid-Head-Resection (BMHR)· Metal on metal large diameter prosthesis,standard stemBHR /BMHR / Metal on metal large head diameterLeft: Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR)Middle: Birmingham Mid-Head-Resection (BMHR)Right: Metal on metal large diameter prosthesisThese three types of prostheses are part of a modular system that can be adapted to the age and activity of the patient and to pathological changes in the joint. All three have the same high quality and wear resistant metal on metal bearings.1.) Hip resurfacing according to McMinn - Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR)Advantages over conventional prostheses:· no noticeable change in leg length or leverage of the hip muscles· the “feeling” for the joint and the reflexes (proprioception) are retained· the natural size of the implants allows natural motion in most cases and minimises the risk of dislocation· the natural load transfer between the pelvis and the femoral head and femur prevents change in bone structure or bone loss and increases bone density· the proximal femur is conserved so that optimal conditions exist for all types of prosthesis stems where revision surgery is requiredArthritis due to Dysplasia of the Hip BHR - Resurfacing on both sidesRight hip: severe bone loss and leg shortening. Restoration of acetabulum and leg length by fixation of an acetabular cup with anchoring screws and bone grafting into the dysplastic hip (Dysplasia cup).Left hip: Standard resurfacing device.With this method, in contrast to conventional prostheses, only the damaged surface parts of the hip joint are removed. The femoral head and femoral neck are conserved. The femoral head is capped with a metal cup which similar to the thin walled acetabular cup consists of a special cobalt-chrome-molybdenum alloy with a high carbon content. The manufacture and processing of this cast alloy is based on the metal on metal prostheses of Peter Ring (1964) and McKee- Farrar (1966) which in individual cases remained free from wear or signs of loosening over a period of thirty years.Tests carried out with these prostheses indicated however that a high standard of precision of the components is a prerequisite for their longevity. At the time this was not routinely achievable so that the majority of the prostheses failed at an early stage. As the technical correlations were not recognised, metal on polyethylene articulation was chosen, and introduced for example, by Charnley (1958) with his total hip replacement prostheses.The concept of hip resurfacing was first applied clinically from the mid-1970s into the early 1980s by Freeman, Wagner and Amstutz. The principle was followed in several other countries. The results were mostly disappointing as the high degree of wear of the synthetic acetabular cup through friction with the metal or ceramic head caused osteolysis and component loosening.The reason for these early failures was the polyethylene used for the acetabular cup. The large femoral head caused extreme abrasion on contact with the rough polyethylene which set up a chain of biological reactions and resulted in bone loss and loosening. Tests done on femoral heads with cups indicated that the loosening of the prostheses was not a result of impaired blood supply of the femoral head.Photo:BHRThe poor results with hip resurfacing in the seventies was therefore due to poor hip resurfacing systems. The recognition of this following clinical evidence meant that in 1989 the metal on metal pairings were reintroduced for conventional prostheses. It also meant that in 1990, McMinn began to develop a hip resurfacing technique based on metal- on- metal articulating surfaces. Because of past experience in general, the McMinn concept was slow to gain acceptance. However after the first publications in 1996, other prosthesis manufacturers began to copy the concept so that today nearly all leading manufacturers offer hip resurfacing prostheses. Deviations in the metals employed, the design and the operating techniques used can lead to different results.The resistance to wear through lubricated friction and the very low risk of dislocation means that patients can participate in many types of sport without experiencing adverse effects where conventional prostheses cannot be recommended. This is also true for occupations which cannot be pursued with a conventional prosthesis or only at great risk.For over sixteen years and with more than 70,000 patients, the original McMinn implants (Birmingham hip resurfacing) have given excellent results which have been confirmed through numerous scientific publications. This is consistent with our own experience with over 1600 implants.2.) Birmingham Mid Head Resection (BMHR)Indications for the Mid Head Resection Prosthesis:· Developmental dysplasia with shortened femoral head-neck segment· Extensive avascular necrosis of the femoral head· Large cysts of the femoral head· Abnormalities through Epiphyseolyses and Morbus Perthes (femoral head necrosis of children)· Reduction of bone substance due to arthroses· Marked bone involution through inactivity but with regression potentialPhotos: BMHRIn cases of advanced arthrosis, a defect of the femoral head occurs which prevents the reliable anchoring of the resurfacing component. The titanium stem grows into the healthy part of the femoral head and neck, and is a safe base for the head component.Resurfacing is only advisable when the stability of the bone and the shape of the femoral head offer sufficient support for the prosthesis. With healthy and active patients who do not meet these requirements but who can benefit from a bone conserving process, the Mid Head Resection can be an alternative to a standard prosthesis.With this prosthesis, the fixation of the femoral component depends less on the bone of the femoral head but more on the stability of a titanium stem with bone ingrowth in the femoral neck.Those parts of the femoral head which have been destroyed by cysts, circulatory disorders, malformations or involution due to arthrosis are removed. A titanium stem adjusted to size is implanted into the healthy part of the femoral head and neck, which is fixed by bone ingrowth (combines with the bone) and strengthens the femoral neck. In this way the implant-bone compound can withstand bending and torque forces.Through the use of this implant, an opening of the femoral medullary cavity can often be avoided by implanting a prosthesis stem. The advantage of resurfacing is retained.3.) Metal on metal large diameter prostheses with standard stemsIf extensive damage to the femoral head and neck has occurred or in cases of osteoporosis, where bone conserving prostheses cannot ensure long term success, there are also clear advantages in using the metal on metal joint articulation for conventional prostheses. By using the same acetabular cup used in resurfacing and with an appropriate modular head, risk of dislocation is greatly reduced and low levels of wear can also be achieved.With older patients who tend to have an increasing lack of coordination, a weakening of the muscles and a higher risk of falls, this prosthesis can also be advantageous because it mostly prevents dislocation and thus further operations.Photo: Metal on metal large diameter prosthesisAlso in those rare cases where a fracture of the femoral neck has occurred, the use of a modular femoral head and a prosthesis stem while retaining the acetabulum can restore the function of the hip joint. This ensures minimal wear and a large range of motion.
For many years there has been no help for those individuals with osteoporosis (thinning of the bone) that develop a collapse of a spinal vertebra called a compression fracture that may be painful. Recently new techniques have been developed to restore and support the collapsed vertebra and relieve the accompanying pain. In these relatively low risk procedures, a needle is placed into the vertebra and a plastic material injected which hardens and supports the vertebra (vertebroplasty). Alternately the collapsed vertebra is restored in height with a balloon before injecting the plastic (kyphoplasty).AnatomyThe normal spine is composed of 24 building blocks called vertebrae (seven cervical, twelve thoracic and five lumbar vertebra) that sit on the sacrum, which is the back part of the pelvic boneEach vertebra is constructed of a body, lamina, and pedicles, which surround an opening, the spinal canal. Each vertebra has a spinous process, a section of bone that extends backwards from the lamina in the midline. (Figure 1)Passing through the spinal canal is the spinal cord and, in the lumbar region, nerve roots. (All the roots together in the lumbar spinal canal are called the cauda equinae.)Along the spinal canal, nerve roots exit through 'holes' in the side of the canal formed by two adjacent vertebrae called foraminaSeparating any two vertebral bodies is a soft elastic material called a diskOn each side of the back of the spinal canal and linking one vertebra to the next are a series of small joints called facets. Extending outward from the area of the pedicle and facet and acting as an anchor for some of the short muscles between vertebrae is a short segment of bone called the transverse processNormally there is motion between the adjacent vertebrae. The motion occurs at the disk, facets and ligaments.Figure 1 - Anatomy of a spinal vertebrae (see text)PathologyCompression fractures of the spineWith advancing age it is common, particularly in women after menopause, for bone to lose calcium (osteoporosis) and be subjected to a greater chance of fractureLess than 40% of postmenopausal women have a normal bone density (a measure of the amount of calcium in the bone)Up to 40% of these women with osteoporosis will have a fracture during their lifetimeCompression fractures of the spine with loss of height of the vertebra are a frequent finding in those individuals with osteoporosis - 75% of these fractures are not related to injury (Figure 3)Vertebral hemangiomasA hemangioma is a small non-cancerous tangle of blood vessels - similar to reddish birthmaks found on the skinWhen present in a vertebra, a hemangioma may be the cause of back painMetastatic disease of the spineCancerous tumors in other parts of the body may go (metastasize) to the vertebra of the spineThe vertebra weakened by the tumor may collapse and cause painFractures of the vertebra can cause terrible pain that may last for months and cause significant disabilityFigure 3 - AP (A) and lateral (B) X-rays showing a compression fracture of a vertebrae previously injected with PMMA. The bone biopsy needle has been inserted into another vertebrae with a compression fracture. Courtesy AANSHistory and Exam Patients with a fracture from osteoporosis aremostly womenpatients who have been on steroids (cortisone like medications) for a long timepatients with kidney failureindividuals who have been in bed for a long timePatients with a fracture as a result of tumor metastasis will frequently have other evidence of active cancerWith painful compression fractures may who have not been active may developpoor air exchange in the lungs that may lead to pneumoniablood clots in the veins of the legs or pelvispulmonary embolus (blood clots that may go to the lung)narcotic dependencedepression because of their poor quality of lifeFrequently the pain is increased by tapping over or near the fractured vertebraTests One of the first tests are X-rays of the spine. The X-rays are taken from front to back and from side to side. The X-rays show which vertebra have a compression fracture. The degree of compression is not necessarily related to the degree of collapseMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) may showOnly a simple compression fractureThat the fracture is due to a metastatic tumorA hemangioma of the body of the vertebra which may extend into the pedicles and lamina if the hemangioma is aggressive. The bone may show an irregular honeycomb pattern and there may be changes in the tissues around the vertebraIndications/Contraindications for Surgery The major indication for vertebroplasty is pain coming from a vertebra that has collapsed or contains an hemangioma or tumorPatients with certain forms of lung disease may not be a candidate for vertebroplastyThe patient must be able to lie prone (flat on his stomach) for the entire procedurePatients that have a bleeding tendency may not be suitable to receive the procedureSurgical Procedure VertebroplastyVertebroplasty may be carried out in an operating room or in a special X-ray suite. A needle is placed in a vein so that the patient can get medication for sedation and pain. The patient lies prone with padding under the body and with the hips slightly bent. The arms are positioned above the shoulder. (Figure 2)A radiopaque (visible on X-ray) marker is placed on the patient over the vertebra to be injected. Positioning of the marker is guided by fluoroscope (video-like X-ray machine). Clearly seeing the correct vertebra is more difficult in the severely osteoporotic patientLocal anesthetic is then injected into the skin and along the path toward the pedicle of the vertebra to be injected. The needle is left in against the pedicle to mark the path of the special needle used for injecting the cement. The special needle is an 11-gauge bone biopsy needle. A small skin incision is made and bone biopsy needle insertedThe tip of the bone biopsy needle is stuck for about 1-2 mm into the pedicle. This is the most painful part of the procedure and additional pain medication is given before this is done. Positioning of the this needle is continuously guided with the fluoroscope in both the anterior-posterior (AP, front to back) and lateral (side to side) viewsThe bone biopsy needle is advanced to the front one-third of the vertebra. (Figures 3 and 4) On the AP view the needle lies near the midline of the body of the vertebra. The needle is filled with saline (salt solution) to prevent air injection. A contrast solution that can be seen on X-ray is injected. The surgeon takes X-ray pictures during the injection to see how the contrast flows from the center of the vertebra into the local veins. Ideally the contrast material slowly fills and a blush of contrast is seen on X-ray. If there is a rapid run-off of contrast material the needle is repositionedThe plastic material to be injected is then prepared. The material is polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), which comes in two parts, a powder (methylmethacrylate polymer) and liquid (methylmethacrylate monomer). The powder is mixed with tungsten powder or barium sulfate to make it visible on X-ray. The liquid is added to the powder and mixed to a thick yet pourable consistency similar to honeyThe PMMA is then loaded into several small syringes. The syringe is connected to the bone biopsy needle and injected under fluoroscopic guidance to be sure that the material does not run off into the veins. The PMMA hardens after injected to support the vertebra (Axial and sagittal animations)The needle is then removed and a stitch used to close the small incisionFigure 2 - Illustration of the position of the patient on the operating or fluoroscopic table. The hips are elevated and the arms are forward to avoid any problem with the lateral X-ray. The arrow indicates the direction of the needle. Courtesy AANSFigure 4 - Illustration of the bone biopsy needle penetrating the pedicle and entering the body of the vertebrae that has a compression fracture (A). The PMMA fills the vertebrae from front (B) to back (C). Courtesy AANSAnimationsFigure 5 - Animation of a bone biopsy needle entering the vertebral body through the pedicle, PMMA injected and the needle removedKyphoplastyThe kyphoplasty is similar to the above vertebroplasty procedure. (Figure 6)After the bone biopsy needle is inserted, a special balloon is inserted into the body of the vertebra and inflated to raise the collapsed bone (Figure 7 and 8)The balloon is deflated and removed leaving a cavity (Figure 9)The cavity left by the balloon is then filled with PMMA and the needle removed (Figure 10)Figure 6 - Compression fracture with loss of height of the vertebral body. T. GravesFigure 7 - A needle is inserted into the vertebral body through which a special balloon catheter is introduced. T. GravesFigure 8 - The balloon is inflated under pressure to decompress the collapsed vertebral body. T. GravesFigure 9 - The balloon is deflated leaving a cavity inside the vertebral body. T. GravesFigure 10 - A catheter is inserted into the cavity through which the cavity is filled with PMMA. T. GravesComplications Complications occur inapproximately 3% of osteoporotic patientsapproximately 5% of patients with hemagiomasapproximately 10% of patients with cancer to the vertebraThe most common complications areRib fracture due to the downward on the back needed to insert the needle in the bony vertebraIrritation of an adjacent nerve rootThese complications usually resolve on their own in a few monthsPneumothorax (punctured lung)Fracture of the pediclePMMA pulmonary embolus - the PMMA enters the veins through the bone and is taken to the lungCompression of the spinal cord with paralysis or loss of feelingIncreased back painPMMA may go outside the bone into the soft tissuesWound InfectionPneumoniaPostoperative CareThe patient is kept lying flat for two hours and then allowed to sit and walkIf pain relief is good, the patient may be able to be discharged home with muscle relaxant and anti-inflammatory medication (such as Motrin)The patient is encouraged to remain as active as possibleAbout 90% of the patients with osteoporosis and hemangioma and about70% of those with metastases improve
关节炎是一种普通的疾病。大约7千万美国人受此疾病困扰。关节炎是老年性疾病是一种误解,实际上,关节炎能够影响任何年龄阶段的人,关节炎有超过100种不同的类型。一些类型,比如骨关节炎,是非常普通的一种,而关节炎的炎性类型可以影响不同年龄阶段的患者。 众所周知,最普通的关节炎是退化性关节型疾病,或者骨关节炎。这一类型多由年龄变老或者关节曾有损伤的结果导致了软骨的磨损。由于关节软骨的光滑表面被破坏,活动的时候关节疼痛和关节活动的范围减少。这种病变多发生在一个或者多个大的负重关节诸如髋关节或膝关节。这种退行性性疾病引起的疼痛在活动时变得加重,休息是缓解。当一天结束时是症状变现最坏的时候。 很多因素增加了这种疾病形成的风险诸如肥胖、外伤史及遗传因素。这种疾病随着软骨持续的减少症状逐渐加重。药物治疗治疗骨关节炎如泰诺(对乙酰氨基酚)和抗炎药如布洛芬来减轻疼痛。物理治疗有助于增强肌肉力量来帮助关节更好的工作。停止活动也是非常重要。对于一些晚期的疾病关节置换是必要的。 关节炎的艳炎性类型能够影响不同年龄阶段的人,但是经常发生在20-30岁的阶段,大多是女人。她们比骨性关节炎患者少了一些典型的症状。这可能存在风湿性关节炎和狼疮这些疾病,这只是列举的一部分。 炎性关节炎通常同时包含身体的其他关节,可能被免疫性系统疾病导致而变得过度活跃,从而致使关节炎症、这种炎性关节炎无论是休息还是静止时都是有症状的,尤其是晨起。在受累的关节出现红肿及发热。身体的其他部位也被炎性影响,包括皮肤、心肺等。炎性关节炎的治疗通常要求药物的组合使用来减轻肿胀及疼痛及其他症状,使用类固醇或者免疫抑制剂药物来调控免疫系统。在疾病静止期,要预防症状的突然爆发,在疾病的活动期,要积极锻炼预防功能的丧失,要掌握其平衡性。 无论你是哪一种关节炎,只要有合适的治疗及持续的医疗护理,维持功能和控制疼痛无疑是可能的。